SEYFFARTH ON THE THEORY OF THE MOON S MOTIONS. 423 



because no coin and no inscription referring to Claudius's sup- 

 posed 13th year are in existence. 



Another class of inscriptions evidences that Vespasian likewise 

 reigned one year less than, down to this day, was generally be- 

 lieved. Gruter's Thesaurus (p 270, 2 ; 243) and Eckhel's D. X. 

 (vi. 343) contain the following inscriptions : " Imp. Caesari Ves- 

 pasian© Aug., Pont. Max., Tribun. pot. VIII., imp. XVII., Cos. 



VIII., des. IX., censori.," etc. ; and, "Pontifici Max Trib. 



pot Imp. XVII. , Cos. VIII., des. Villi., conservatori," etc. 



Of the latter inscription Gruter obtained two copies, made in dif- 

 ferent times and by different persons. These inscriptions appa- 

 rently demonstrate that Vespasian, like Claudius, administrated 

 two consecutive consulates. Petavius, on the contrary, puts 

 between these 8th and 9th consulates of Vespasian a whole year, 

 the consules suftecti Com modus Verus and Novius Prisius. 

 Accordingly, Vespasian must have reigned one year less than 

 Petavius imagined : he must have governed nine years, instead 

 of ten years. This is confirmed by Eutropius, and both by 

 numismatics and epigraphies. There exists not one coin, and 

 not one inscription, vindicating the supposed loth year of Ves- 

 pasian. 



The coins of Julius Caesar concerning the introduction of his 

 solar calendar, which happened 2 months and 15 days prior to 

 Cassar's assassination, represent a crescent, because the first Julian 

 year had commenced with the appearance of the crescent. The 

 same crescent is, moreover, testified by Macrobius (Sat. i. 14). 

 It was only in — 41 that a crescent became visible in Rome on 

 the first day of the first Julian year. Since, then, during a period 

 of 19 years, only one new moon coincides with January ist, and 

 only in — 41 a crescent was to be seen on the beginning of Janu- 

 ary, it is clear enough that the Julian Calendar was not intro- 

 duced, and that Cjesar died, not in — 43, but — 41. According 

 to Petavius, the first day of the Julian Calendar would have com- 

 menced twenty-two days prior to the new moon, which stands in 

 direct opposition to both Macrobius and the coins. 



The caktidrical inscfiptious according to which the archons Glau- 

 . cippus and Nicodorus respectively ruled later by one or two years, 

 have been spoken of in the premises (p. 41 1-12). 



The Parian Marble, which specifies the most important events of 



