Vol. XXviii] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 163 



antennae or of the wings was observed. While they are in 

 copula his antennae are dropped freely downward, making a 

 right angle with the long axis of the body. The first two pairs 

 of legs are, on the contrary, stretched upward, making also 

 a right angle with the line of the body. The hind legs, as al- 

 ready mentioned, hold the posterior portion of the female's ab- 

 domen, while the wings are held in such a manner as to em- 

 brace the twig between their distal ends. 



One of the characteristic features observed in the copula- 

 tion of the cottony cushion scale is, then, the right-angularity 

 presented in the relative position of the male and female, and 

 also of several parts of the male. Both the antenna and the 

 legs of the male are each perpendicular to the body and the 

 body itself (of the male) is, in turn, at a right angle with that 

 of the female. In this respect the manner of copulation in 

 Iccrya ptirchasi differs from what has been observed in other 

 animals. Mr. Putnam,^ who observed the process in the cot- 

 tony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathy., states: "the 

 male mounts the back of the female with his head in the same 

 direction with the female's and vibrating his antennae rapidly." 

 Mr. Turner^ observed a similar manner in one of the parasitic 

 bees (Stelidae). Among other animals. Amphibia, for exam- 

 ple, agree in the main with the type of copulation mentioned 

 by Turner. My personal observations on Sinca diadcma, Zclns 

 sociiis, most of the Aphids, Murgautia hisfrionica. certain Caj)- 

 sids, Meloe, Hippodamia convergens, Diabrotica soror and 

 Musca domestica among insects, and also on other inverte- 

 brate, as well as vertebrate, animals, all agree with the type of 

 copulation exhibited by the cottony maple scale, i. e., the male 

 mounts the back of the female with his head in the direction of 

 the female's. Certain Lepidopterous insects, the silk-worm 

 moth, for example, are often observed in copula with the head 

 of the male turned exactly in the opposite direction from that 



^Putnam, J. Duncan. Biological and other notes on Coccidae. I. 

 Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Proc. Davenport Acad, of Nat. Sci., vol. 

 II. Dec, 1879. 



2 Turner, C. H. Notes on the behavior of a parasitic bee of the fam- 

 ily Stelidae, The Journal of Animal Behavior, vol, I, No. 5. 191 1. 



