ANTHROP. PAP. ^jjj, wAHNENAUHI MANUSCRIPT — KILPATRICK 181 



Publication Society's issues of the "Cherokee Hymn Book" (on pp. 

 14-15 of the 1909 Dwight Mission Press edition) and it is called 

 "Une:hlanv:hi o:ginali:i ('The Lord and I Are Friends')." 



Wahnenauhi's paternal grandfather was the Connecticut-born 

 Rev. Ard Hoyt (1770-1829), superintendent of Brainerd Mission 

 from 1818 until 1824, and subsequently associated with Willstown 

 Mission in Alabama until his death. His wife, nee Esther Booth 

 (d. 1841), was also a native of Connecticut (Walker, 1931, p. 43). 



Wahnenauhi's father, Dr. Milo Hoyt, the son of Rev. Ard Hoyt, 

 was also a missionary (ibid., pp. 134-135), as were two of her brothers- 

 in-law: Rev. Amory Nelson Chamberlin (1821-94), sometime super- 

 intendent of both the Cherokee Male and Female Seminaries (Starr, 

 1921, p. 555), and Rev. Hamilton Balentine, who served as super- 

 intendent of the Cherokee Female Seminary and whose wife, Nancy, 

 Wahnenauhi's sister, was a member of the faculty (Foreman, C. T., 

 1948, p. 150). Wahnenauhi's mother's sister, Susan, was the wife 

 of Andrew, the brother of Principal Chief John Ross (ibid., p. 161). 



Lucy Lowrey Hoyt was one of the 12 in the first class that graduated 

 from the Cherokee Female Seminary. In the same month, February 

 of 1855, the Cherokee Male Seminary graduated its first class, also 

 12 in number, and in it was Monroe Calvin Keys,^ Lucy Lowrey 

 Hoyt's future husband. One of the classmates of Keys was Joel 

 Bryan Mayes (1833-91), Principal Chief of the Cherokee from 1887 

 until his death. 



In Wahnenauhi's day her planter class of mixbloods— wealthy, 

 educated, and receptive to all the Victorian attitudes of the correspond- 

 ing stratum in Southern White society — was set apart from its fuU- 

 blood tribesmen by formidable barriers. English was its first lan- 

 guage, evangelical Christianity its religion, and accultm-ation its 

 code. The surprising thing is not how much of the old Cherokee 

 culture Wahnenauhi and those of her social class had forgotten, but 

 how much of it they remembered. 



The Christian missionaries — for the most part men of great force 

 and sagacity — swiftly drove most of the aboriginal culture under- 

 ground; the ruling mixblood class, engaged in a desperate struggle for 

 national survival, in the belief that its cause was strengthened in 

 direct ratio to rate of acculturation, seconded missionary efforts with 

 fervor. What with illustrious missionary blood in her lineage and 

 daily environment, one would expect Wahnenauhi's backward view 



3 Keys was bom in Tennessee about 1823. During tlie Civil War he fought for the Confederacy in the 

 Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers. Wahnenauhi and her children spent some time during the conflict 

 as refugees in the Choctaw Nation, where she taught school. In the early 1870's Keys established residence 

 atPheasantHill, about 6 miles west of the present Vinita, Okla. He died in 1875 and was buried in a family 

 cemetery at Pheasant Hill. After having spent the last 25 years of her life as a cripple from a fall, Wah- 

 nenauhi died from apoplexy in 1912 and was buried beside her husband. 



