230 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bdll. 196 



at Murphy, N.C., was partly or largely of White blood. This roll 

 had a majority of Indian names although there were many English 

 forms (Litton, 1940, pp. 216-218). 



The progress and the achievements of the people after the Removal 

 were transitory, for the Cherokee were not to be permitted to continue 

 their rebuilding. The Civil War broke around them, leaving turmoil 

 and property loss in its wake. It also created cleavages among the 

 people, for, although the majority joined the Confederacy and were 

 members of the Thomas Legion, others fought for the Union forces, 

 and some changed allegiances. In 1892 there were 14 Union veterans 

 surviving, and about 39 Confederate veterans (Carrington, 1892, 

 p. 21). 



It was after the Civil War that the first serious attempt toward 

 the organization of a tribal government was made. On December 1, 

 1870, a constitution was adopted and first and second chiefs were 

 elected. They served until 1875 when further amendments were made 

 to the constitution (Litton, 1940, p. 201). At this time the Indian 

 office assumed regular supervision over the Cherokee. The first 

 agent (sent out 10 years after the war) reported that he found the 

 Indians destitute, discouraged, and almost without stock and farming 

 tools. There were no schools. Very few fuUbloods could speak 

 English, but nearly aU could read and write in their own language 

 (Mooney, 1900, p. 174). The poverty and disorganization which 

 he describes were a bitter legacy of the war. 



Several succeeding rolls were taken which are pertinent to this 

 research. The Hester RoU (1884) reported 2,956 Eastern Cherokee: 

 1,881 in North Carolina; 758 in Georgia; 213 in Tennessee; 71 in 

 Alabama; 3 in South Carolina; 8 in New Jersey; 5 in Virginia; 1 in 

 Illinois; 3 in Kansas; 1 in Colorado; and 1 in Cahfornia. In connec- 

 tion with the compilation of this roll. Chief Nimrod J. Smith wrote : 



. . . another difficulty is presented in the fact that we have been for a long time 

 living in the midst of and surrounded by two other races of people with whom 

 there has been more or less intermarriage and cohabitation producing a result 

 which makes it very difficult to trace the Indian blood. [Litton, 1940, pp. 222-223. J 



A particularly curious fact is mentioned in the comments on this 

 roll: that there were at the time of the enrollment 10 Cherokees in 

 attendance at Trinity College (now Duke University) (ibid., 

 p. 223). 



In 1889 the Cherokee became a corporate group under the laws 

 of the State of North Carolina. In 1890 the total within the State 

 was 1,520, of which 774 were males and 746 were females. Subsequent 

 to the 1884 roU some moved to adjoining States and others to the 

 Indian Territory (Donaldson, 1892, p. 7). 



