No.^TSr' ^^^' EASTERN CHEROKEE GROUPS — KUPFERER 231 



Nine years before the incorporation of the tribe, a school was 

 estabHshed. The Quakers contracted with the Tribal Council to 

 operate a training school for 10 years; the term expired in 1890. At 

 the time of the expiration, the majority of the council favored its 

 continuation, but the principal chief, Nimrod J. Smith, opposed 

 the renewal of the contract (ibid., p. 16). In 1901 the Federal 

 Government assumed the responsibility for education. 



During the Friends' administration of the school, Virginia Young 

 visited it and was much impressed by what she saw: 



A whole army of scholars came marching to the dining hall . . . the girls were 

 taught to sew, mend, and darn. Instructions were given in laundry and cooking. 

 They were such accomplished mistresses of these arts that the demand for them 

 iu Asheville as house servants could not be supplied. [Young, 1894, p. 172.] 



She credited the wife of the superintendent with the success of the 

 enterprise. 



The inspiration of the school is Mrs. Spray. She is a strong beUever in woman's 

 suffrage. ... It is her housewifely skill which has made refinement and neatness 

 and system characteristic of this home in the wilderness . . . the motive power 

 by which she rules being love. [Ibid., p. 173.] 



A typical day at the training school was a rigorous one indeed: 

 5 a.m., morning bell; 5:30, breakfast; 6-9:00, industrial work; 9-11:15, 

 school exercises; noon, dinner; 12:30-1:30 p.m., industrial work; 

 1:30-4:00, school exercises; 4-6:00, industrial work; 6 p.m., supper; 

 6:30-7:00, recreation; 7-8:00, evening study; 8 p.m., evening prayers; 

 8:30, retiring bell (Carrington, 1892, p. 16). Under circumstances 

 such as these, those who survived were undoubtedly rapidly indoc- 

 trinated in ways other than Indian — perhaps through "love," but 

 certainly through regimentation. 



In 1892 Donaldson observed that: 



. . . they [the Cherokee] have few wants. They are peaceable, sociable and 

 industrious, with marked ambition to acquire wealth . . . the main occupation 

 is that of farming. Although the acreage is limited in each tract, the crops 

 reahzed are more than suflScient for home necessities. [Ibid., pp. 13-14.] 



The average earniugs of males per year was estimated at $166, and 

 the per capita wealth of the band was $217.25. It is not clear whether 

 this is an annual figure or represents total per capita assets. 

 Donaldson (1892, p. 9) said that the Cherokee earned as much and 

 lived as well as the White people about them. We infer from this 

 picture of the economic situation that by this time some recovery had 

 been made from the postwar devastation. It is well to recognize, 

 however, that average figures are misleading. 



In 1907 another roU, known as the Churchill Roll, was taken. On 

 this one appears for the first time a predominance of EngHsh names 

 over Cherokee forms. This would not necessarily mean that the 



