ANTHROP. Pap. 

 No. 79] 



THE RAMAH NAVAHO — KLUCKHOHN 



347 



waste; 126,355 acres were used for grazing. Each household had at 

 least one relatively permanent cluster of establishments, usually with 

 one or more adjoining fields. Clusters encompassed as many as 15 

 buildings of various kinds. In addition, many of the kin groups had 

 one or more smaller, rough and temporary establishments or camps 

 at various distances from their larger clusters of buildings. Each 

 permanent establishment included at least one hogan, made of logs 

 laid in saddle-notched fashion to form a hexagonal or octagonal 

 dome-shaped structure, surmounted by an open smoke hole and roofed 

 and floored with earth. At most clusters there were also small, 

 rectangular log cabins, many of which were equipped with a window, 

 fireplaces, and heating or cooking stoves of iron. There were other 

 structures for storage; "shades"; corrals of logs, brush, or wire; 

 and small sweat houses. Water for household use came from nearby 

 surface accumulations or stock tanks or wells constructed by the 

 Government, (Landgraf, 1954.) 



LIVELIHOOD 



In 1951, the Ramah Navaho owned 7,318 sheep, 580 goats, 199 

 cows, 460 horses, and a small number of mules, burroes, swine, and 

 poultry. Because of drought conditions prevalent in 1950 and 1951, 

 these figures are sizably smaller than during the first years of the 

 values study and the 10 years preceding. The dipping records for 

 1941, for instance, show 17,885 sheep and 1,055 goats, ^^ The differ- 

 ential ownership by families in 1951 is shown in table 1. 



Let us explicate this table in other terms. Of all Ramah Navaho 

 families, 44 percent owned no sheep. One extended family owned 

 9 percent of all sheep, and six other families controlled from 4-6 

 percent of the total. In part, this wide variation is the consequence of 

 the Government livestock system being based on herd counts of 

 a selected year. The same kind of inequality is reflected in access 



" Fluctuations have apparently gone on for many years. The Annual Report of the Department of the 

 Interior (1919), vol. 2, p. 243, states that in 1918 the Ramah Navaho had 7,000 head of sheep; in 1915, 10,000; 

 and In about 1908, 12,000, 



