350 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Boll. 196 



DEMOGRAPHY 



BIRTHS 



From 1871 to 1949 (inclusive) there were 1,105 established con- 

 ceptions by period and sex as given in table 2. Twenty-three of 

 these conceptions are known to have resulted in the death of the 

 mothers. Live births totaled 984.^^ Of these, 122 died within the 

 first year of life and 28 more during the second year. Of the 605 Uve 

 births at Ramah prior to 1935, 210 men and 216 women reached 

 adulthood as determined by one or more of the following criteria: 

 marriage, known first menstruation, and age of 16 in the case of boys. 



Table 2. — Conceptions from 1871 to 1949 



Of 53 women assumed to have passed the childbearing age, and 

 when full facts are available, the number of known conceptions is 

 as hsted in table 3. 



Table 3. — Known conceptions of 53 Ramah women 



Number of conceptions- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 

 Number of women 5121142445 7 5 7 2 3 



The modal numbers for conception are 10 and 12. The average 

 number of conceptions per woman is 8.04. While only those cases 

 were included where the data are considered approximately complete, 

 there is no doubt that these figures are on the conservative side because 

 of stillbirths not reported and perhaps a few children who died as 

 infants many years ago and whose births and deaths were not recol- 



» One parent of approximately three-fourths of 1 percent of these was non-Navaho (23 had a Chlrlcahua 

 Apache parent, 13 a Walapal parent, 8 a Laguna parent, and 6 a Zuni parent; 5 definitely or more probably 

 had a local White as father, and 1 a Mexican). These are not, however, sufficient figures upon which to 

 base any estimate of non-Navaho genes. There are two reasons: Family tradition and phenotypic evidence 

 indicate non-Navaho ancestors prior to 1870; and some spouses In the "founding" generation are known to 

 have been half-C hiricahua. O f all marriages recorded In the genealogies, slightly under 3 percent were with 

 non-Navaho. 



