HRDLicKA] TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CEETAIN INDIAN TRIBES 9 



the west and northwest and are seklom of more than moderate ve- 

 locity. There are no sand storms. In general, the climatic condi- 

 tions are such as to favor the development of catarrhal affections of 

 the res])iratory organs in both whites and Indians. 



The Menominee are to-day almost wholly a tribe of mixed-bloods. 

 Among more than five hundred members of the tribe with whom the 

 writer came in direct contact not more than two aged individuals 

 had the appearance of pure-blood Indians. Much of the mixture 

 dates from the time of the relations of the people with the French, 

 but regular marriages of white men and even of women into the tribe 

 have not been rare and occasionally occur at the present day. 



The people are, in general, well advanced in civilization; this is es- 

 pecially true of those in the neighborhood of the agency. The ma- 

 jority live in fairly gootl log or frame houses, built according to the 

 plans of the whites. (Pis. 1-4.) These dwellings are, as a rule, iso- 

 lated, and surrounded by good-sized gardens, or by vacant grounds 

 on which grow forest trees. The floors of the houses are, with few 

 exceptions, made of boards, lumber being abundant. 



The log dwellings are warmer than the frame houses. In a number 

 of instances the latter seemed rather frail in construction, and nmst 

 be cold in winter. All of the dwellings admit of good ventilation and 

 there is little fault to find in this respect in summer, in the day time 

 especially. At night, however, the windows and doors are habitu- 

 ally closed, and in cold weather every crevice is stopped, and then, 

 doubtless, the conditions are insanitary. As to cleanliness, a ma- 

 jority of the dwellings were found in a fairly good condition. 



The clothing of the people is quite clean, being similar to that of 

 the whites. There was observed, however, a tendency to wear too 

 much clothing even on the warmest days of the summer. It was not 

 uncommon to find a child or a grown person wearing two, or even 

 three shirts, one of which was not infrequently of wool. This habit is 

 injurious; many of those so thickly clothed were found perspiring, 

 and oversensitive to exposure. 



For food, the Menominee prefer meat, especially salt pork, which 

 is very extensively eaten. The writer observed their meals on numer- 

 ous occasions, and found them to be less regular than among the 

 whites and often poor in every respect; only occasionally was a really 

 well-provided table seen. Gravies and pastries are much -favored ; 

 coffee and tea are drunk in large quantities, often at the expense 

 of more nourishing substances; and everyone seems fond of sweets. 

 Beans and other garden products are liked, but the supply is small. 

 Some of these Indians catch a fair quantity of fish, while others raise 

 a few chickens. Game is scarce. During spring and summer large 

 quantities of berries of different kinds are gathered to be eaten fresh 

 or dried, or to be made into preserves. 

 71530— Bull. 42—09 2 



