44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 190 



of election was of higher rank than other chiefs, bnt a chief held first 

 rank by virtue of his preeminence, eloquence, free expenditure, 

 courage, and wise conduct. Affairs of the village were referred prin- 

 cipally to that chief in the village who had these qualifications, and 

 affairs of the country to those leading chiefs with the greatest ability. 

 Their relatives acted as lieutenants and councilors ( JE. 10 : 231-233).^^ 

 The chiefs had charge of making the announcements and of managing 

 the ceremonials (JR 17: 129). 



At Quieunonascaran [at least at the time of Sagard's visit] lived 

 the great chief of the Bear Nation, whom the Huron denoted 

 garihoiia andionxra to distinguish him from the ordinary warrior 

 called garihoua doutagueta. In all the other villages within his juris- 

 diction, he had under him other chiefs, both for war and police, who 

 gave him messages and information on vital matters. In his own 

 village there were also three other chiefs, who always participated in 

 the councils with the village elders, and an assessor and lieutenant 

 who in his absence, or when otherwise so instructed, had the necessary 

 proclamations and notices issued throughout the village (S 149). 



Each of the groups that comprised the Huron League, the "little 

 nations," ^^ retained its name, a knowledge of its history, some minor 

 special interests, and its war chief and council chief (JR 16: 229). 

 The name of the country and the chief were the same; for ex- 

 ample, if one spoke of AnenJcMondic [Auoindaon (S 91)], the 

 principal chief of the whole country (JR 10: 289), the Bear Nation 

 was being referred to, and peace treaties were made in his name ( JR 

 10: 231). He lived at Ossosane (JR 13: 165-169). Endahiaconc 

 [Entauaque (S 91)] was first chief of the village of Teanaostahe and 

 of the nation of Atignenongach (JR 13: 125) and Atironta, chief of 

 the Arendahronons (S 91) . In the past, only worthy men were chiefs 

 (enondecha), the term also used for country, nation, or district, as 

 though a good chief and the country were synonymous. At the time 

 of the Jesuits, they were no longer so named, but rather atiwaroiitas, 

 atiwanens, ondaJchienhai, "big stones, the elders, the stay-at-homes" 

 (JR 10: 231-233). 



Each individual had his owm name. Wlien a man died, his name 

 was given to someone else so that, if possible, no name was ever lost. 

 After the death, the relatives of the deceased met to decide which 



^ Among the Iroquois each federal chief (sachem) has an assistant, subchief, from his 

 clan. The subchief has no voice in council unless the chief is unable to attend and deputizes 

 him to act in his place (Morgan 1881: 31; Hewitt 1918: 532). The Influence of the 

 members of the chief's clan is also apparent in that the clan could depose a chief if he 

 acted contrary to their wishes (Hewitt 1918: 531; 1932: 479-480; 1944: 85; see note 

 62, p. 46 for the role of the clan members in the selection of a chief). 



"*This is probably a reference to clans. Although the Jesuit Relations contain only a 

 few statements that may be interpreted as referring to clans, it is lilfely that the Huron 

 had such an organization : both the Wyandot and the Iroquois have matrilineal clans. 



