78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BnU. 188 



very wealthy individual, formerly employed at the school, has a square 

 house of cinder block, with four windows and a flat roof supported on 

 vigas. Both these structures have dirt floors. 



All Shonto dwellings have hinged plank doors, which are invari- 

 ably locked when the structure is uninhabited. Other modern in- 

 novations in hogan construction are the introduction of roofing paper 

 between earth covering and underlying logs, and the common use of 

 concrete for chinking. 



Choice of hogan type seems to be dictated largely by the practical 

 availability of timber, with the beehive type of structure preferred. 

 In addition to hogans for each household, every residence group has 

 at least one ramada, one sweat house, and one corral. 



HOUSEHOLD EQOTPMENT 



The following items are universal in Shonto households : 



Stove with pipe 



Iron skillet and dutch oven 



Enamelware kettles, coffee pots, breadpans, pudding pans, plates, and cups 



Butcher knife, roasting fork, stirring spoons, can opener 



Water drum or kegs 



Washtub 



Galvanized buckets and dipper 



1-gallon can for coal oil 



Coal oil lantern 



Flashlight 



Broom, miscellaneous rags, copper scrubbers 



Scissors, needles, thread 



Bedding of old Pendleton blankets, cheap blankets, quilts, and sheepskins 



Wooden crates for storing cooking equipment 



Cheap metal suitcases for clothing and bedding 



Common but not universal are table knives, forks, and spoons, food 

 grinders, shredders, and a few other "modern" conveniences for food 

 preparation. Nearly all households containing younger persons have 

 a watch or clock, a calendar, and pencils, writing paper, and envelopes. 

 The one mechanical device which is all but universal is the treadle 

 sewing machine. 



Probably half of the stoves in Shonto community are made from 

 end sections of 20-gallon oil drums. The remainder are small wood 

 ranges bought at the trading post. Three families have large enamel- 

 stand wood ranges with double burning chambers. Wood is the 

 universal fuel, though a few families who are willing to pay for it 

 also burn coal in the winter. Fires are always started with coal oil 

 bought at the trading post ; it is one of the indispensables of modern 

 Navaho life. 



Furniture other than stoves is rare. Perhaps two dozen households 

 have homemade tables. Still less common are store-bought chairs 

 or homemade benches. Eight or ten families have roUaway beds and 



