92 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuU. 188 



Table 13. — Command of English among Shonto adults 



l = Qood English; read and write. 

 2=LImited practical English; Illiterate. 

 3=Minimal English, suitable only for trading. 

 4=No English. 



nalization of adopted values; and (4) (total value change), loss of 

 corresponding native values. 



Types of White contacts are not specified in Vogt's scheme. These, 

 inevitably, determine the particular "VVliite values which are likely 

 to be adopted. Shonto has had only one constant contact — the 

 trader — through much of its history, with the result that certain 

 White economic values are nearly universal. Other values correlate 

 much more closely with command of English; both, in most cases, 

 reflecting boarding-school experience. 



Shonto's non-English speakers with few exceptions belong in Vogt's 

 stage 1, having undergone little or no value change. The same is true 

 to a slightly lesser extent of the minimal English speakers, most of 

 whom received their only education at Shonto school. 



The group of everyday English speakers (category 2) have largely 

 attained Vogt's stage 2. Some imitative adoption is seen in dress and 

 appearance (short vs. long hair and bat-wing vs. "Indian" hats for 

 men; saddle shoes and bobby sox vs. high tops and long hose for 

 women) ; in the seeming time-consciousness noted by Vogt (1951, 

 p. 89), and in an expressed regard for the authority of tribal law and 

 government which is seldom manifest in practice. 



Shonto's small literate group (category 1) has clearly internalized 

 many values with regard to cleanliness, health, dress, and comfort. 

 None of these, however, has genuinely achieved the final stage where 

 Navaho values are lost. There is no escape from Navaho culture at 

 Shonto; it dominates the life of every individual in the community. 

 The whole process of acculturation at Shonto has been one of aug- 

 mentation rather than replacement (see below) . 



The overall contrast between Shonto and Ram ah is clearly marked 

 in terms of stages of acculturation. Vogt (1951, p. 89) notes that a 

 number of Ramah residents have achieved the final stage of value 



