126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuU. 188 



little more than informed guesses. Included are singing, tulapai 

 making, bootlegging prostitution, sporadic trucking operations, 

 money lending, and paid employment for other Navahos. (One mem- 

 ber of the District 2 Grazing Committee has over 500 head of sheep, 

 and from time to time employs three Shonto men, relatives of his wife, 

 to herd for him.) Total income from all such sources was estimated 

 at $4,525, or 2.7 percent of all 1955 income m the community. Extent 

 of participation is shown in table 22. 



Singing is the chief gainful occupation of three Shonto men, and a 

 regular part-time activity of at least four others (see "Religion and 

 Ritual," pp. 70-74) . The community's most active singer is estimated 

 to earn about $600 a year from his ritual performances, averaging no 

 more than $5.00 per night of activity (cf. Kluckhohn, 1938, p. 363). 

 No other singer is believed to earn over $300 a year. These figures 

 do not include the value of free board received while on duty. Sing- 

 ers receive about half their income in cash and the remainder in live- 

 stock, jewelry, blankets, cloth, and baskets. 



All Shonto singers are also livestock owners on a fairly extensive 

 scale, and actually derive a considerable portion of their income 

 thereby. In all but one case, additional income is secured from 

 tulapai manufacture and sale (see "Religion and Ritual," pp. 70-74, 

 and below) . 



Tulapai making occupies at least six men in addition to Shonto's 

 singers. Navalio tulapai is made from sugar, sirup, raisins, yeast, 

 and water ; it is not the same as the Western Apache beverage of the 

 same name, but is closely similar to the "raisin jack" familiar to 

 many GI's. Tulapai making at Shonto is believed to require special 

 esoteric knowledge ; it is therefore a profession, like singing, as well 

 as a trade. The community's chief entrepreneur in this field is said 

 to be the tribal councilman, whose annual income from tulapai has 

 been estimated at $250. Tulapai is commonly made in 10- or 15-gallon 

 kegs, and sells for $3.00 a gallon. 



Prostitution is the regular profession of one Shonto woman, whose 

 earnings have been estimated at $350. Her standard charge is said 

 to be $5.00. She does business either at her hogan or outdoors, her 

 husband acting as procurer in some cases. Other women in the com- 

 munity are said to engage in occasional prostitution as the occasion 

 permits (see "Recreation and Play," pp. 75-77), but their earnings 

 in the course of a year are probably insignificant. 



Truck oioners have multiple opportunities for picking up extra 

 income. Nearly all of them engage to some extent in "taxi" opera- 

 tions, transporting people to sings and to Tuba City and Kayenta at 

 a standard charge of $3.00 a head. Trips to the Tuba City hospital 

 are most frequent in occurrence. Additional earnings are derived 

 from hauling wood, livestock, and household furnishings on occasion. 



