Adams] SHONTO: ROLE OF NAVAHO TRADER 301 



The role of the missionary is contrasted. "With the trader, and 

 in some places ahead of him, went the missionary . . . Not con- 

 tent to let the indigenous peoples pick and choose from his wares, 

 he sought vigorously to refashion traditional belief and behavior." 

 (Keesing, 1941,p.68.) 



In New Guinea, 



Use and appreciation of European goods are fostered by trader and mis- 

 sionary, and in some instances demanded by Government officials. They all 

 have something to gain from the rising consumption of European goods. The 

 trader — be he the representative of a large commercial house, an Asiatic 

 shopkeeper, or a recruiter who carries trade-goods as a sideline — is a vital 

 link in the chain which binds the native into the new economic system. 

 [Reed, 1943, p. 208]. 



Trader and missionary are again contrasted in New Guinea. 



Traders and planters were interested in the natives economically : the latter's 

 services and what they produced were of primary importance to them. Native 

 folkways which had no apparent bearing on their new duties could be dis- 

 regarded so long as the natives brought copra and shell to exchange for 

 knives, calico and beads, and furnished "boys" for work whenever they were 

 needed. While these conditions were fulfilled, the planter-trader could abide 

 by a policy of laissez-faire. 



Not so the missionary. He had to exert his authority over other aspects 

 of the native culture, and among people whom the planter-trader had not 

 approached. More conscious attempts to control all departments of native 

 life were made by the mission than by other White groups. [Reed, 1943, p. 122]. 



On the Solomon Islands, it was observed that, 



Unlike the administration, commerce is not concerned, even ostensibly, with 

 native well-being. Plantations and trading stores have been established only 

 because money is to be made, and the Europeans involved are interested in 

 the islanders solely in so far as they supply the demand for labor and the 

 market for goods. ... I have often heard the argument seriously advanced 

 that the one chance of native salvation lies in an insistence that they shall 

 work for Europeans as laborers during a portion of their time. [Hogbin, 1939, 

 p. 160]. 



SOME GENERAL. CONCLUSIONS 

 THE DISTEIBUTION OF ENTBEPRENEURS 



It is apparent that free traders — private entrepreneurs who are 

 engaged basically in marketing and only indirectly in production — 

 are not found in all parts of the world where European enterprise 

 has penetrated into tribal areas. They are, and perhaps always have 

 been, absent throughout much of Latin America (cf. Tax, 1952 b, 

 pp. 52-56) and apparently also in many parts of Africa and Oceania 

 (cf. Malinowski, 1945, pp. 118-119). In some cases the absence of 

 traders may well be due to structural features of the native economy, 

 as where the innumerable free markets and extensive aboriginal trade 

 of Mesoamerica have seemingly prevented Em'opean merchants from 



