306 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bnll. 188 



3. In most primitive areas, Europeans encounter only some form 

 of subsistence economy. Here tlie earliest pattern of intercultural 

 commerce and industry involves direct barter between pioneer traders 

 and natives, as European manufactured goods are exchanged for the 

 products of native enterprise (Hunter, 1936, p. 2; Keesing, 1941, 

 p. 121; Reed, 1943, p. 96). 



4. Pioneer traders are accompanied or shortly followed by other 

 Europeans: missionaries, administrators, and settlers (Hunter, 1936, 

 p. 2; Keesing, 1941, p. 68; Reed, 1943, pp. 105-116). 



5. In environments favorable to intensive agriculture, the advent 

 of European settlement speedily results in territorial dispossession 

 of the natives and the development of a plantation economy under 

 European control (cf. Malinowski, 1945, pp. 118-119) . 



6. Under a plantation economy the native subsistence base is largely 

 destroyed, and the individual native becomes a wage or indentured 

 laborer, or even a slave (Hogbin, 1939, pp. 160-165; Hunter, 1936, 

 pp. 2-3; Keesing, 1941, pp. 129-131 ; Reed, 1943, pp. 98-105; Frazier, 

 1957, pp. 101-109). 



7. Control of native commerce is largely destroyed along with 

 native subsistence patterns and manufactures under a plantation 

 economy. The earlier role of the trader shifts to the planter and to 

 the company store (cf. Reed, 1943, p. 122; Wolf, 1956, pp. 240-241). 



8. The early patterns of barter between Europeans and natives 

 (cf. No. 3, above) persist in environments unfavorable to agriculture 

 and in regions where native territorial integrity is preserved by fiat 

 (Bonnycastle, 1943, p. 70; Honigmann, 1952, p. 215; Wilson, 1951, 

 p. 62). 



9. In the earliest phases of contact all Europeans are concerned 

 with altermg indigenous culture patterns in one way or another, and 

 all are agents of culture change (Hunter, 1936, p. 5; Keesing, 1941, p. 

 69; Malinowski, 1945, p. 15; Reed, 1943, p. 208). 



10. However, the ideals and purposes of different European con- 

 tact agencies with regard to native culture and the alteration thereof 

 are far from uniform (Keesing, 1941, p. 68; Reed, 1943, p. 122; 

 Summer Seminar on Acculturation, 1954, p. 981) . 



11. The trader is directly concerned only with changing or aug- 

 menting the subsistence patterns and material culture of native 

 peoples, and is quite content to have them stay as they are in other 

 respects (Bomiycastle, 1943, p. 64; Keesing, 1941, p. 68; Reed, 1943, 

 p. 122). 



12. Therefore, of all European contact agencies, the trader perhaps 

 demands least from the native, and his demands are most easily and 

 quickly satisfied (cf. Summer Seminar on Acculturation, 1954, 

 p. 990). 



