﻿PROPAGATION 
  OF 
  FRESH-WATER 
  MUSSELS. 
  17 
  

  

  The 
  Monkey-face, 
  Quadrula 
  metanevra 
  Rafinesque. 
  [PI. 
  i, 
  fig. 
  

   4, 
  5.] 
  

  

  An 
  odd 
  shell 
  of 
  good 
  luster 
  and 
  texture, 
  but 
  not 
  of 
  uniform 
  thick- 
  

   ness. 
  

  

  Habitat. 
  — 
  Larger 
  streams 
  and 
  rivers, 
  common 
  in 
  almost 
  all 
  sta- 
  

   tions. 
  In 
  my 
  experience 
  on 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  it 
  is 
  found 
  more 
  often 
  

   in 
  the 
  channel 
  than 
  on 
  muddy 
  bottom 
  in 
  still 
  water. 
  

  

  Distribution. 
  — 
  Mssissippi 
  drainage 
  area 
  except 
  its 
  southern 
  por- 
  

   tion, 
  extending 
  to 
  the 
  Tennessee 
  and 
  Arkansas 
  Rivers. 
  (Simpson, 
  

   1900.) 
  

  

  Juvenile 
  (pi. 
  i, 
  fig. 
  6). 
  — 
  This 
  stage 
  was 
  found 
  on 
  gravelly 
  or 
  

   sandy 
  bottom 
  in 
  similar 
  locations 
  as 
  the 
  adult. 
  

  

  GlocJiidium 
  (pi. 
  v, 
  fig. 
  31). 
  — 
  Form 
  of 
  the 
  purse-shaped 
  type 
  with 
  

   narrow 
  hinge 
  hne. 
  Dimensions: 
  He'ght, 
  0.185 
  mm. 
  to 
  0.2 
  mm.; 
  

   length, 
  0.17 
  mm. 
  to 
  0.176 
  mm. 
  Breeding 
  season, 
  May, 
  June, 
  and 
  

   July. 
  This 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  short 
  period 
  and 
  I 
  suspect 
  may 
  be 
  extended 
  

   into 
  August; 
  however, 
  examinations 
  at 
  the 
  Fairport 
  biological 
  

   laboratory 
  of 
  some 
  89 
  specimens 
  during 
  August 
  gave 
  negative 
  

   results. 
  

  

  Natural 
  infection. 
  — 
  Infections 
  with 
  the 
  glochidia 
  of 
  this 
  mussel 
  

   were 
  found 
  upon 
  the 
  gills 
  of 
  the 
  sunfish, 
  Lepomis 
  pallidus, 
  June 
  24, 
  

   and 
  of 
  the 
  sauger, 
  Stizostedion 
  canadense, 
  July 
  26. 
  The 
  fish 
  were 
  

   taken 
  at 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  channel 
  near 
  mussel 
  beds. 
  Surber 
  

   (1913) 
  reports 
  five 
  infections 
  on 
  Lepomis 
  pallidus. 
  No 
  decisive 
  

   results 
  in 
  artificial 
  infection 
  with 
  this 
  species 
  have 
  been 
  obtained, 
  

   but 
  the 
  indications 
  are 
  that 
  the 
  sunfish, 
  L. 
  pallidus, 
  may 
  be 
  infected 
  

   successfully, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  light 
  of 
  the 
  information 
  obtained 
  regarding 
  

   natural 
  infections 
  there 
  should 
  be 
  no 
  special 
  difficulty 
  in 
  propagating 
  

   this 
  species. 
  

  

  The 
  Niggerhead, 
  Quadrula 
  ebena 
  (Lea). 
  [PI. 
  i, 
  fig. 
  7, 
  8.1 
  

  

  This 
  is 
  a 
  much-prized 
  species 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  excellent 
  luster, 
  color, 
  

   and 
  texture 
  of 
  the 
  shell, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  its 
  uniformity 
  in 
  thickness. 
  Its 
  

   habitat 
  is 
  both 
  in 
  mud 
  and 
  among 
  rocks. 
  Shells 
  from 
  a 
  swift 
  current 
  

   have 
  a 
  better 
  quality 
  than 
  those 
  from 
  water 
  of 
  little 
  flow. 
  

  

  Distribution. 
  — 
  Mississippi 
  drainage 
  generally, 
  except 
  its 
  western 
  

   portion; 
  Alabama 
  and 
  Tombigbee 
  Rivers; 
  northeast 
  Texas? 
  (Simp- 
  

   son, 
  1900.) 
  

  

  Juvenile 
  (pi. 
  i, 
  fig. 
  9). 
  — 
  The 
  juvenile 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  I 
  have 
  taken 
  

   only 
  four 
  times. 
  Its 
  scarcity 
  in 
  the 
  collections 
  is 
  surprising 
  when 
  the 
  

   abundance 
  of 
  the 
  adult 
  shell 
  is 
  considered. 
  It 
  seems 
  probable 
  that 
  

   its 
  habitat 
  is 
  on 
  a 
  pebbly 
  bottom 
  on 
  which 
  a 
  dredge 
  can 
  scarcely 
  

   pick 
  up 
  smaU 
  material. 
  Again, 
  its 
  color 
  and 
  shape 
  are 
  such 
  as 
  to 
  

   make 
  it 
  difficult 
  to 
  find. 
  

  

  22889°— 
  14 
  27 
  

  

  