﻿WATER-POWER 
  DEVELOPMENT 
  IN 
  THE 
  MISSISSIPPI. 
  23 
  

  

  continued 
  observation 
  of 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  fishes 
  and 
  their 
  utili- 
  

   zation 
  of 
  fishwajs. 
  It 
  is 
  unfortunate 
  that 
  more 
  practical 
  experience 
  

   has 
  not 
  been 
  gained 
  by 
  a 
  strict 
  enforcement 
  of 
  the 
  provisions 
  requiring 
  

   fishways 
  and 
  subsequent 
  precise 
  observation 
  of 
  their 
  efficient 
  working. 
  

   In 
  this 
  way 
  would 
  the 
  best 
  of 
  experience 
  be 
  gained. 
  

  

  Passing 
  this 
  subject, 
  there 
  are 
  rare 
  opportunities 
  presented 
  by 
  the 
  

   situation 
  at 
  Keokuk, 
  to 
  take 
  advantage 
  of 
  which 
  would 
  be 
  of 
  the 
  

   highest 
  value. 
  

  

  We 
  are 
  deficient 
  in 
  our 
  Imowledge 
  of 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  fishes. 
  

   "Wliat 
  fishes 
  migrate, 
  at 
  exactly 
  what 
  season 
  does 
  the 
  migration 
  occur 
  

   with 
  the 
  several 
  species 
  of 
  fish, 
  and 
  what 
  is 
  the 
  extent 
  of 
  the 
  move- 
  

   ment 
  with 
  the 
  several 
  species 
  ? 
  These 
  are 
  questions 
  that 
  we 
  can 
  not 
  

   now 
  answer 
  A\'ith 
  a 
  satisfactory 
  degree 
  of 
  definiteness. 
  The 
  existence 
  

   of 
  a 
  practical 
  obstruction 
  in 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  at 
  Keokuk 
  offers 
  an 
  

   unprecedented 
  chance 
  for 
  exact 
  observations, 
  supplemented 
  as 
  they 
  

   may 
  be 
  by 
  the 
  series 
  of 
  observations 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  biological 
  station 
  

   at 
  Fairj^ort, 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  IVIississippi 
  at 
  Lake 
  Pepin, 
  and 
  elsewhere. 
  

   The 
  full 
  realization 
  of 
  tliLs 
  opportunity 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  accomplished 
  by 
  a 
  

   cursory 
  examination, 
  but 
  demands 
  a 
  systematic 
  and 
  long-continued 
  

   investigation 
  undertaken 
  before 
  the 
  movement 
  of 
  ice 
  in 
  the 
  spring.*^ 
  

  

  Observations 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  staff 
  of 
  the 
  Fairport 
  station 
  during 
  the 
  

   summer 
  and 
  fall 
  of 
  1913 
  have 
  revealed 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  river 
  herring 
  

   (Pomolobus 
  chrysocMoris) 
  has 
  been 
  present 
  just 
  below 
  the 
  dam 
  during 
  

   practically 
  the 
  entire 
  period 
  and 
  in 
  large 
  numbers. 
  Nevertheless, 
  

   it 
  would 
  be 
  impossible 
  to 
  say 
  at 
  the 
  present 
  time 
  if 
  this 
  is 
  because 
  the 
  

   fish 
  are 
  blocked 
  in 
  the 
  effort 
  to 
  proceed 
  up 
  the 
  river, 
  or 
  if 
  we 
  have 
  to 
  

   do 
  only 
  with 
  the 
  assemblage 
  of 
  an 
  exceptional 
  number 
  of 
  indi\aduals 
  

   of 
  tliis 
  species 
  due 
  to 
  peculiarly 
  favorable 
  conditions 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  

   swift 
  watere 
  below 
  the 
  dam. 
  

  

  The 
  peculiar 
  habits 
  of 
  eels 
  are 
  of 
  particular 
  interest 
  in 
  connection 
  

   with 
  any 
  eft'ective 
  obstruction 
  of 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  a 
  stream. 
  It 
  is 
  known 
  

   of 
  some 
  s])ecies 
  of 
  eels, 
  and 
  believed 
  to 
  be 
  true 
  of 
  all, 
  that 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  

   breed 
  in 
  the 
  rivei-s 
  at 
  all, 
  but 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  depths 
  of 
  the 
  ocean. 
  The 
  

   young 
  eels, 
  after 
  hatcliing 
  from 
  the 
  egg 
  and 
  passing 
  through 
  an 
  inter- 
  

   esting 
  stage 
  called 
  the 
  leptocephalus, 
  during 
  which 
  they 
  are 
  strictly 
  

   marine, 
  ascend 
  the 
  rivei-s 
  to 
  grow^ 
  to 
  maturity, 
  when 
  they 
  in 
  turn 
  wdll 
  

   pass 
  dow^n 
  the 
  rivers 
  to 
  start 
  a 
  new 
  generation 
  upon 
  the 
  first 
  stage 
  of 
  

   life 
  in 
  the 
  sea. 
  Supposing 
  that 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  generation 
  of 
  eels 
  

   should 
  succeed 
  in 
  passing 
  above 
  the 
  dam, 
  we 
  w^ould 
  expect 
  a 
  gradual 
  

  

  « 
  Anadromous 
  fishes 
  are 
  those 
  which 
  ascend 
  rivers 
  to 
  spawn; 
  the 
  only 
  fish 
  of 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  assumed 
  to 
  

   be 
  anadromous 
  is 
  the 
  Ohio 
  shad, 
  Alosa 
  ohiensis. 
  Catadromous 
  fishes 
  are 
  those 
  that 
  go 
  do^vn 
  to 
  the 
  sea 
  to 
  

   spa\\-u; 
  such 
  are 
  the 
  eels 
  of 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  River. 
  Other 
  fishes 
  are 
  merely 
  migratory 
  having 
  seasonal 
  runs, 
  

   from 
  upper 
  to 
  lower 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  and 
  return. 
  In 
  this 
  class 
  are 
  generally 
  included 
  practically 
  every 
  

   important 
  food 
  fish, 
  as 
  the 
  basses, 
  wall-eyed 
  pike, 
  suckers, 
  buffaloes, 
  spoon-biU 
  cat, 
  lake 
  sturgeon, 
  shovel 
  

   nose 
  sturgeon, 
  river 
  herring, 
  and 
  all 
  the 
  larger 
  catfishes. 
  Very 
  few 
  fishes, 
  among 
  which 
  would 
  be 
  the 
  bull- 
  

   heads, 
  would 
  be 
  left 
  in 
  the 
  nonmigratory 
  or 
  permanent 
  resident 
  class. 
  However, 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  

   beliefs 
  regarding 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  fishes 
  require 
  to 
  be 
  submitted 
  to 
  the 
  test 
  of 
  more 
  exact 
  observation. 
  

  

  