22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 184 
Pablo,” but on the establishment of the mission there early in the 17th 
century it became known as Nuestra Sefiora de la Asuncién de Sia, a 
designation that has persisted to the present day (Hodge, 1933, 
p. 226). ‘The convent of Sia [was] first mentioned in July, 1613; [it] 
was probably founded by Fray Cristébal de Quiréds, who came with 
Peinado in 1610. He apparently served at Sia until 1617.... Santa 
Ana is recorded as a visita of Sia as early as 1614” (Scholes and Bloom, 
1944, p. 334). Thus, the mission and convent at Sia were among the 
earliest to be established in New Mexico. 
The Pueblo Indians suffered much at the hands of the Spaniards 
during the decades following the conquest. The clergy tried to stamp 
out the native religion and to force Catholicism upon the Indians. 
Kivas were burned, and masks and other sacred paraphernalia were 
destroyed. Priests and medicinemen were charged with witchcraft 
and whipped or executed. The natives were forced to attend 
church services and to support the clergy. The civil officials, too, 
laid their yoke upon the Indians. ‘They established offices within the 
Pueblos, to be filled by natives, in order to administer them more 
effectively. Indians were tried in Spanish courts; punishments were 
severe: whipping, hanging, or being sold into slavery. And they 
were exploited economically. Life for the Indians under the Spanish 
yoke was hard and eventually became unendurable.* 
There were several attempts at armed rebellion between 1645 and 
1675, but all of them failed. In 1675 a missionary, believing that 
some of the Spanish colonists had been bewitched, brought charges 
of witchcraft against a number of the Indians: 47 were convicted, of 
whom 43 were whipped and enslaved; 4 were hanged as a warning to 
others. One of those executed was from nearby Jemez (Prince, 1883, 
palvs). 
On August 10, 1680, a carefully planned and organized revolt broke 
out. All Spaniards were either killed or driven out of the country 
save for a few women who were kept as captives. The Indians 
wreaked special vengeance upon the clergy; many were massacred and 
churches were despoiled. ‘‘In fine,” says Escalante (1900, p. 309), 
“there remained in all the kingdon no vestige of the Christian religion; 
all was profaned and destroyed.” 
In 1681 Governor Otermin attempted to reconquer the Pueblo 
country. He burned and sacked a number of pueblos which he found 
deserted. The Sia had fled to the sierra of Los Jemez where Indians 
from Santa Ana, Sandia, and other pueblos had gone for safety. The 
governor of Santa Ana went to the camp of the Spaniards to tell them 
3 For accounts of the treatment of the Pueblo Indians by their Spanish conquerors, both civil and ecclesi- 
astical, see: Scholes, 1936-37, and 1937, especially pp. 144—145, 147-148, 380, 395, 437-438; Prince, 1883, espe- 
cially pp. 169-173; Bancroft, 1889, pp. 174-175; Twitchell, 1912, vol. 1, pp. 354-355, and 1914, vol. 2, pp. 51-68; 
Escalante’s ‘‘Letter,” 1900, p. 310. 
