White] THE PUEBLO OF SIA, NEW MEXICO 33 
1935, pp. 269-70). At Sia Hrdlitka found the longest heads of any 
pueblo, with the exception of Taos, in a list of eight New Mexico 
pueblos. Cephalic index at Sia was 78.5, but this was an average 
of only three crania. Sia, Acoma, and San Juan had the highest 
percentages of artificially deformed (cradle flattening) male heads of 
the New Mexico pueblos measured (Hrdlitka, 1935, pp. 250, 313). 
We may infer that the Sia belong predominantly to the O blood 
group, with type A being next most frequent, since neighboring tribes 
are of this composition: Cochiti, type O, 88.0 percent, type A, 11.7 
percent; Jemez, type O, 78.4 percent, type A, 20.0 percent; New Mex- 
ico Navaho, type O, 69.1 percent, type A, 30.6 percent (Boyd, 1939, 
pp. 221-222). Ten Sias were tested at the U.S. Indian Hospital and 
Indian School in Albuquerque for incidence of the Rh factor; they 
were all Rh positive, as were all others tested from Keresan pueblos 
and from Jemez (Gerheim, 1947, p. 420). 
Stevenson has a number of photographs in “The Sia,’’ and there are 
others in the Archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Wash- 
ington, D.C., which exhibit physical type at Sia very well. 
LANGUAGE AND LITERACY 
Sia belongs to the Keresan linguistic family, which also includes 
Acoma, Laguna, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, and Co- 
chiti. There is considerable difference of opinion with regard to 
dialectal differences among the Keresan pueblos (cf. White, 1942 a, 
p. 34). J. P. Harrington (1916, p. 519), a linguist, states that ‘the 
dialect [of Sia] resembles closely the dialects of Cochiti, Santo Do- 
mingo, San Felipe, and Santa Ana, and is more distantly related to 
those of Laguna and Acoma.”’ In the opinion of one of my infor- 
mants, the dialect of Santa Ana is closest to that of Sia; then come 
Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Acoma, and Cochiti. All the Kere- 
san pueblos understand one another quite readily, however. I have 
the impression that Acoma, and possibly Laguna also, present greater 
lexical differences from the eastern pueblos than can be found among 
the latter villages themselves. 
Few studies of the Keresan language have been published. Boas 
published “‘A Keresan Text” (1921-23) and “‘Keresan Texts” (1925, 
1928). Robert F. Spencer wrote a master’s thesis on ‘“‘A Prelim- 
inary Sketch of Keresan Grammar” (Univ. New Mexico, 1940). He 
later published “‘The Phonemes of Keresan” (1946). Irvine Davis 
did a master’s thesis on “‘SSanta Ana Phonology” (Univ. New Mexico, 
1958). There is an appendix on “A Note on Cochiti Linguistics,”’ 
by J. R. Fox (in Lange, 1959, pp. 557-572). 
At the time of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, ‘‘many of the Indian lead- 
ers of the New Mexico pueblos could not only read, but could write 
