50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 184 
NORTH WALL 
CORN 
STORAGE 
SECRET DOOR FIRE PLACE 
MAIN ENTRANCE 
A! a VENT 
Ficure 9.—Diagram of hotcanitsa. 
KIVAS 
In 1957, Sia had two circular kivas, built aboveground, and set 
wholly apart from other structures (see pl. 3, a). They are con- 
structed, as are houses, of basaltic boulders laid in mud, with walls 
smoothly plastered both inside and out. The entrance is in the roof: 
one ascends by a flight of stairs to the roof and then descends a ladder 
into the kiva. The eastern kiva is called Turquoise; the western one, 
Wren (Cuti). 
Sia has a remarkable and unusual history with respect to kivas. All 
other Keresan pueblos of the Rio Grande region have had circular 
kivas for decades, and, so far as we know, they have never had any 
other kind since the days of Coronado. Sia, however, has had rec- 
tangular, or square, kivas. 
Our earliest account, and by far the best description of Sia kivas 
that we have, was provided by Bourke, who inspected them in 1881 
(Bloom, ed., 1938, pp. 228, 225): 
There are two Estufas in Zia. The new one, built of basalt, laid in mud, plas- 
tered within and without and washed a faint yellow on the inside, is overground, 
square, 12% paces on a side, 10 ft. high, and entered by a ladder to the roof and 
then to the interior by another, of 9 or 10 rungs 12’’ or 15’’ apart. There is no 
“altar” (hearth), but a regular fire-place. There are two small holes, each one 
ft. square, for light and ventilation; a hole for Omaha [Omawuh, a Hopi term 
meaning rain-cloud; Bourke is here equating Keresan belief and practice with 
those of the Hopi, L. A. W.]. 
The “‘old’”’ Estufa is precisely the same as the new, without having plaster on the 
walls and without there being a hole for Omaha. 
[We] descended the 1st Estufa; rectangular 33’ x 20’ overground, 10’ high: 
walls, brown-washed, covered with figures; of sun, moon, morningstar, evening 
