White] THE PUEBLO OF SIA, NEW MEXICO 51 
star, buffalo, pumpkin, corn, deer, horse, thunder, clouds, lightning, snakes and 
sea-serpents. 
The second Estufa had pictures in large size and, like those in first, extremely 
well done, of turkeys, two eagles fighting, hares, morning star, moon, dipper of 
seven stars. 
For some curious reason, neither James nor Matilda Stevenson tells 
us anything about kivas at Sia. In 1917, Reagan (1917, pp. 70-71) 
reported that 
. the Sia have but one estufa [kiva], a no-account building on the point of the mesa 
southwest of the main village. ‘The first time the writer visited it, it had its walls 
painted in representative drawings of their deities, but on his next visit, its walls 
were whitewashed and plain. It is the writer’s opinion that the Sia Pueblos 
whitewashed their drawings to prevent him from seeing them. 
Reagan went to Jemez about 1900 and lived there for many years: 
According to a good informant, there was only one kiva in use in Sia 
in 1914, namely, the Wren; it was rectangular. At that time, the 
Turquoise kiva had no roof, but much of its walls was standing. In 
1917 or 1918, the Turquoise kiva was rebuilt and made circular. The 
Wren kiva was rebuilt and made round in 1942 or 1943. In 1946 or 
1947, the Wren kiva was burned just before the dance in honor of the 
patron saint on August 15. Some say that it was done maliciously by 
one of two factions within the pueblo (Stubbs, 1950, p. 79); others 
say that a neurotic young man—one who had once been committed 
to a mental hospital—did it. On the basis of my knowledge of Sia 
in general and also upon specific data on this point from informants, 
T incline toward the latter view. The Wren kiva was rebuilt within a 
few years. There is an aerial photograph of Sia, the author and date 
of which are unknown, which shows one rectangular kiva. 
Why Sia had square, or rectangular, kivas until recently whereas 
all other eastern Keresan pueblos have had circular structures, for 
the last century at least, is a puzzling question for which we have no 
satisfactory answer. Rectangular kivas, both subterranean and 
aboveground, have been found in a goodly number of prehistoric 
sites in the Rio Grande region (Wendorf and Reed, 1955, pp. 141, 152, 
157). “No data [on kiva structure] is available from the time prior 
to the Pueblo Revolt in the Keres area,” according to Wendorf and 
Reed (ibid. p. 157). ‘‘Following the Reconquest, rectangular kivas 
appeared at Jemez and in the Tewa villages” (ibid., p. 157). In re- 
cent decades, Jemez has had two rectangular kivas, but they are not 
separate and apart from dwellings (Parsons, 1925, p. 13). 
Wendorf and Reed apparently believe that rectangular kivas are a 
Western Pueblo trait. Speaking of the rectangular kivas at Jemez 
and among the Tewa they say: “Satisfactory explanations of these 
changes have not been offered, but it is not unlikely that, in part, 
they resulted from contacts with Western Pueblo groups during and 
