White] THE PUEBLO OF SIA, NEW MEXICO 125 
already pueblo officers. But informants never include them in a 
discussion of pueblo officers, and we believe they are not generally 
regarded as such. They are thought of as heads of secret societies 
who, however, may have functions extending beyond the limits of 
their respective groups. 
Finally, there are some functionaries, such as the sacristan, drum- 
mers, etc., who are not officers, properly speaking. But, because 
they are persons with special functions within the pueblo, I shall in- 
clude them at the end of my list of officers. Ishall now describe the 
various offices in turn. 
TIAMUNYI 
The Diamvnyi (tiamunyi; see White, 1942 a, p. 96, for a comparative 
discussion of this term) is also called by the Spanish term “‘cacique’’ 
or casik, as informants usually pronounce it. Tiamunyi is the head of 
the social structure of the pueblo. But he is more of a priest than a 
chief ; his office is more sacred than secular. During the emergence of 
the people from the lower world, Utctsiti, the mother of the Indians, 
chose Tiamunyi to be her representative in this world. As a conse- 
quence, Tiamunyi is commonly addressed as yaya (mother) by the 
Keres and is regarded as ‘“‘the mother and father of all the people.’’ 
The principal duty of the Tiamunyi is to “watch over his people,” 
to fast and pray for the welfare of the pueblo; in short, to serve as the 
principal means by which the people may benefit from the super- 
natural beings and powers of the world. The Tiamunyi, according to 
Keresan custom, is not supposed to work in his fields or to gather his 
own firewood; the people of the pueblo, under the direction of the War 
chief, are supposed to do this for him. ‘This is to allow him to devote 
himself wholly to his religious duties. One informant stated that 
this custom, or rather, rule, still holds (1957), but another said that 
Eliseo Aguilar is obliged todo both. This may be because he is merely 
an acting, not a full-fledged, Tiamunyi. In 1941 the people of the 
pueblo, under the direction of the War chief, built a house for Juan 
Shije, the Tiamunyi at that time. Stevenson (1894, p. 17) says that 
the Tiamunyi of her day engaged in hunts and worked in his fields and 
that such conduct was deplored. One of my informants opined that 
the young man called Tiamunyi by Stevenson was merely a tcraikatsi, 
acting as Tiamunyi. This seems probable since Stevenson (1894, pp. 
16-17) says that the Tiamunyi and his vicar both died at about the 
same time and a young, untrained man was placed in the office. 
The cacique should hold himself somewhat aloof from the daily and 
mundane affairs of the pueblo; he is supposed to concentrate on 
spiritual affairs. He should take no part in any quarrels that may 
occur; in fact, such things should be excluded from his notice. Every- 
