White] THE PUEBLO OF SIA, NEW MEXICO 130 
at that point, and it is not easy to identify them from her discussion 
elsewhere. The first society originated by Masewi, she says, ‘‘was 
the Histian [Flint] or Knife. . . The next. . . was that of the cougar, 
then followed the societies of the bear, the skoyo (giant), the snake 
and the ant... Masewi then organized the Ope Society (Warri- 
ors) ...” (ibid., pp. 71-72). This would make seven societies. 
Then there were the Koshairi and Kwiraina (Querranna) societies, 
which would make nine societies instead of eight. Perhaps she did 
not count the Warriors’ society as a cult society since they do not 
have a wooden slat altar, fetishes, and a sand painting. 
From my pre-1941 informants I obtained the following list of 
societies at Sia: Kapina, Snake, Giant, Flint, Ci-ma (or Ant), Cikame, 
Fire, Koshairi, Kwirena, Caiyeik, and Opi. The location of the house 
of each society was indicated on a diagram of the pueblo, but the 
names of the members of the respective societies were not ascertained. 
From my 1941 informants I obtained the following list, arranged 
according to one informant, in order of their rank, the Flint society 
being highest: Flint (hictianyi), Koshairi, Kwiraina, Giant (ckoyo), 
Kapina, Snake (crowi), Fire (hakanyi), Katsina, Caiyeik (Hunters’), 
and Opi. Later, I discovered Cima (or Ant, or Eagle) tcaiyanyi 
and a Gomaiyawic society. Beginning in 1941, and continuing there- 
after until the conclusion of my study, I made a census of each society 
to determine the number of members and the name and sex of each. 
During the course of this inquiry I discovered that some persons who 
had been included with the Flint society were not really Flint medi- 
cinemen at all, but Cima. Similarly, some people had been included 
in the Katsina society who were not katsina but Gomaiyawic. The 
association of Cima with Flint and of Gomaiyawic with Katsina was 
so close that informants had not distinguished the lesser society in 
either case (the Flint society is enormously more important than 
Cima; but the reason for the submergence of Gomaiyawic within the 
Katsina society is not clear). Although I made a careful census of 
the societies I am not publishing the names of members in this study; 
they will, however, be kept in my files. 
My two lists of societies are very similar. Cikame are not men- 
tioned by my later informants. They said that “there used to be 
Cikame tcaiyanyi at Sia,’ but that they had become extinct; they 
thought that the Kwiraina society might have the altar and para- 
phernalia of Cikame. The other difference is that the earlier infor- 
mants did not list the katsina group as a society, although they 
mentioned them; and they did not mention Gomaiyawic at all. 
On the basis of studies of the Keresan pueblos in general we may 
distinguish the following kinds of societies: (1) a Warriors’ (Opi) 
society; (2) a Hunters’ (Caiyeik) society; (3) Koshairi and Kwiraina; 
