204 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 184 
poses of intercourse with the Whites. On many occasions informants 
knew the Indian names of persons who had lived, and perhaps died, 
before 1900, but could not remember their Spanish names, which no 
doubt reflects the relative importance attached to these names. A 
woman adopts the European surname of her husband at marriage, 
and children take the surname of their fathers. But there has been 
considerable uncertainty and instability with regard to these surnames; 
a group of related persons will appear on one census under one name, 
and years later they will be listed under a different name. The only 
reason for this that could be elicited from informants was “TI guess they 
changed because they thought that that [the former name] was not 
their right name.”’ This, no doubt, is another indication of the les- 
ser importance of the European name. In 1957 there were only about 
11 European language surnames in use in Sia, excluding about 3 that 
had been introduced by men who had married into Sia. Of the 329 
Sias in 1957, about 67 were named Pino; 48, Shije; 43, Medina; 32, 
Galvan; and 29, Gachupin (Spaniards who settled in Latin America 
were called cachupin), wives being counted as having the same sur- 
names as their respective husbands. Only 2 Sias bore the name of 
Aguilar; both were old men. In recent decades, and especially since 
World War II, there has been a tendency to give babies Anglo-Ameri- 
can names (Mark, Edward, Grace, Helen) rather than Spanish-Ameri- 
can names (Jose, Ysidro, Refugia), which is in keeping with the 
growing influence of Anglo-American culture. 
Some Indian names are said to be “just names,” i.e., they have no 
other meaning in the Keresan language and have no English equiva- 
lent; Ha’aibyuwitsa, for example. Some are names of things in the 
Sias’ habitat (Hatyayeitiwa, a yellow bird), an item of material cul- 
ture (Cpo'na, a pottery canteen), or a mythological figure (Tsama- 
hiya). One name, Ka’ao’tiye, was translated one person going out 
into the open, or winning honors or advantages. Some names of men 
end in -tiwa, which in this context means man, although tiwa is not 
the ordinary name for man: Gacpyatstiwa, Rainbow Man. Names 
ending in esa, or tsa, are women’s names. Cakak is the god of the 
north. Cakaktiwa is a man’s name; Cakaiyetsa, a woman’s name. 
But in most instances, I believe, one cannot distinguish a man’s name 
from a woman’s name. And names give no indication of clan affilia- 
tion. I add the following examples of Sia names, first for men: 
Ctiyal’tiwa, Tsiwai’wonyi, Masewi (the elder war god), Ctimoye, 
Ho-waka (‘sky’), Cinohai’ya (one of the warriors of the cardinal 
points), Ye-siro. Names of women are: Gaiwacro, Hocetiyetsa, 
Hapawi (flour), Tsiyati, Kamoye, I-tiye, Tsisiye, (Tsipi, Sandia 
Mountains). 
