208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 184 
the top of the list. Bad behavior aggression was rated as the principal 
source of shame by the Sia; this was in sharp contrast with the Zuni, 
who rated embarrassment before others as the principal source. The 
worst thing that could happen to a child, according to the Sia, was ac- 
cident or illness to self; the Sia led all other groups in this respect. 
There were some interesting sex differences in the responses of Sia 
children. In addition to the one already mentioned, 16 percent of the 
boys cited meeting social expectations as the best thing that could 
happen to a child; none of the girls mentioned this. Sia boys (10 
percent) rated fear of the supernatural much higher than did the girls 
(6 percent). In some respects the Sia resembled the White children 
of “Midwest” more closely than they did some of the Indian groups. 
Havighurst and Neugarten conclude that their findings show ‘‘Sia to 
be a community of relatively high moral constraint’’ (ibid., p. 138). 
The Sia children, along with the Hopi, Zufii, and Navaho children, tend 
to place the father “‘in the gift-giver and happiness-bringer roles,” but 
Sia is exceptional in that the “father is also the chief bringer of nega- 
tive emotions to boys” (ibid., p. 74). ‘‘Asa praiser, the fatheris .. . 
mentioned less frequently than the mother in Zia... As a blamer, 
the father is mentioned more often than the mother for Hopi, Zuii, 
and Zia” (ibid., p. 196). ‘For Zia, we have a pattern similar to that 
of the Hopi, in that the family is less exclusively the focus. In Zia, 
however, the mother alone obtains a higher proportion of responses. 
It is interesting that not a single Zia girl mentioned the father as a 
praiser or blamer. The Zia children use the category ‘elders’ more 
frequently than does any other group, and the category of age-mates 
less frequently” (pp. 120-121). 
MARRIAGE 
As we noted earlier in our analysis of marital status, marriage is 
certainly not essential to the conduct of social life in Sia: a very high 
percentage of both men and women have had no spouse (see p. 44). 
And the percentage of the unmarried seems to have been increasing. 
We have no evidence, however, that the community as a whole or 
the individuals in particular suffer because of the high incidence 
of celibacy. 
CONTRACTING MARRIAGE 
There is no ritualized courtship. Out of the long and close associa- 
tion which characterizes life in this small community, men and women 
simply discover that they wish to marry each other. Virtually all 
Marriages, apparently, are initiated by the persons themselves who 
wish to marry, although, of course, parents and other close relatives 
may, and frequently do, try to influence them to a greater or lesser 
degree. I learned of a case in which a young unmarried woman be- 
