CEREMONITALISM 
Pueblo life consists of effecting adjustment to and exercising control 
over the external world, on the one hand, and in adjusting and regu- 
lating the relations between person and person, on the other. These 
things are done in two ways: matter of fact, naturalistic, and super- 
naturalistic and symbolic (ritualistic). Matter-of-fact means are em- 
ployed in hunting, farming, and in exploiting wild plant and mineral 
resources. Naturalistic means are employed also in social organi- 
zation and control through custom, education, exhortation, criticism, 
ridicule, and the like. But supernaturalistic means—ceremonies, rit- 
uals, songs, prayers, and paraphernalia—are used with reference both 
to the external world and to the realm of social relations. ‘The Pueblo 
Indians, like many other peoples, both primitive and civilized, live 
in a dualistic world. And pueblo life consists in following through a 
yearly round of matter-of-fact and ceremonial activities. We present 
herewith a calendar of events (cf. White, 1942 a, pp. 92-94, for Santa 
Ana; 1935, pp. 33-34, for Santo Domingo; 1932 b, pp. 50-52, for 
San Felipe; Dumarest, 1919, pp. 203-206, for Cochiti). 
CALENDAR 
It is difficult to determine when, in pueblo conception, one year 
ends and a new one begins, but the dividing line would come close to 
the celebration of hanyiko about mid-November and the selection of 
officers on the evening of December 28. 
December 29. The new officers receive their ‘‘canes’’, i.e., staffs of office. 
January 1, Manuel’s day. Sometimes they have a dance—a “‘corn dance” 
(such as is held on August 15, but without the 4ctitco’mz, or ‘‘pole’’) or a Comanche 
dance. The mothers, wives, and sisters of all males named Manuel invite the 
people of the village to their houses (or to Manuel’s house?) to eat. 
January 6, King’s day. The wives and mothers of all the new officers, and of 
anyone named Rey or Reyes, invite people to their houses to eat. They may 
have a dance such as White people are permitted to see in the plaza in the day- 
time or a masked dance in a kiva, either one, that night. 
February 1 to 10. Tiamunyi and the War chief prepare for the communal 
curing ceremony; this will take place between February 10 and 20. The War 
chief calls for a rabbit hunt to provide meat for the occasion. 
February, the last week. If the winter is a mild one they begin to clean the 
irrigation ditches and prepare them for use. When the work is finished they 
have the Owe dance. Then the water is turned into the ditches. 
March. Wheat is planted. 
April. Corn is planted about the middle of the month. 
Holy Week and Easter are celebrated according to the Catholic calendar. 
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