White] THE PUEBLO OF SIA, NEW MEXICO 32s 
benches about 5 inches high. In 1924, according to Halseth (1924 b, 
p. 72), ‘most of the houses now possess a table and a few chairs, and 
some even have a sewing machine and a kitchen range.’’ By the 
1950’s, virtually all houses had at least the bare essentials of American 
furniture: a table, some chairs, a bed, probably a stove, perhaps a 
chest of drawers. Some houses were rather amply furnished. A few 
even had electric refrigerators, and one or two had cook stoves fueled 
with “bottled” gas. In 1928, households obtained their water supply 
from a community hydrant; in 1957, most of them had running 
water. 
ELECTRICITY 
In 1951 electricity was introduced into Sia by an outside public 
utility. In 1957, 35 households had electricity; in 1960 there were 50 
(the Indian Agency counted 65 ‘families” in Sia in 1956; this was, 
no doubt, the approximate number of households, also). It was used 
primarily for lighting, however; there appeared to be few appliances 
such as toasters, heaters, washing machines, and so on. Electricity 
had not been installed in kivas in 1957, but one informant was con- 
fident that it would be eventually; as a matter of fact, they were 
sometimes illuminated electrically by means of an extension cord 
from a residence. The Catholic church, also, was without electric- 
ity in 1957, but the Government school and teachers’ quarters had 
it. Each household having electricity had its own meter and paid 
bills directly to the power company. 
PHONOGRAPHS, RADIOS, TELEVISION 
In the 1920’s there were a few phonographs in Sia, but no radios. 
A few of the latter were introduced during the thirties, and by 1957 
there were a few television sets in the pueblo. There was, however, 
no telephone in the community except the one in the teachers’ quar- 
ters, which was installed, of course, by the Indian Service. 
FARM IMPLEMENTS 
In 1924, according to Halseth (1924 b, pp. 70-71), the Sia had virtu- 
ally no farm implements except the plow and spade. The Indian 
Service had supplied them with ‘‘a few scrapers and an old disk, worn 
out by hard service.” One family had a hay baler. Some machinery 
was introduced during the thirties and forties, and by 1957 there were 
seven automotive tractors in the pueblo. 
FACTORS OF CULTURE CHANGE 
Sia culture has undergone change in virtually all sectors; in some 
the change has been profound, and everywhere the tempo has been 
