6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 179 



found therein. Gahagan Focus is represented by only one excavated 

 site, the Gahagan Mound on Red River in western Louisiana, where 

 ceramics of Alto Focus types were found in graves. That Alto and 

 Gahagan are very closely related cannot be disputed, and the pos- 

 sibility that both should belong to the same focus must be considered. 

 Conclusive statements, however, must be deferred until such time as 

 sufficient data are available to determine the degree of relationship 

 between the two foci. 



Spiro Focus ceramics are similar in many respects to those of Alto 

 Focus, but house types, some chipped-stone implements, and other 

 features are different. The rich ceremonial paraphernalia of Spiro 

 Focus are not present at the Davis Site, but elaborate ceremonialism 

 is indicated by grave furniture at Gahagan — although most individ- 

 ual specimens are not comparable to Spiro specimens. 



Ceramics of the Sanders Focus, by and large, are quite different 

 from the mutually related Alto-Gahagan-Spiro material. Intricately 

 carved shells at Sanders, however, suggest a fairly close ceremonial 

 relationship with Spiro, and some Sanders pottery types occur in 

 components of the Spiro and Haley Foci. 



Haley Focus has a combination of pottery types and other features 

 occurring also in the Alto, Gahagan, and Spiro Foci plus new types 

 and features which herald the appearance of the Fulton Aspect. For 

 that reason, Haley Focus is generally considered to be late with 

 reference to the other Gibson Aspect foci and to bridge, to more or 

 less extent, into the Fulton Aspect. 



The second division of the Neo-American Stage in the Caddoan 

 Area has been termed the Fulton Aspect (Krieger, 1946). It is of 

 later date than the Gibson Aspect and is distinguished by the follow- 

 ing traits : 



Ceramics — appearance of shell-tempered wares ; continuation of clay, grit, and 

 bone tempering ; elaborate engraved designs on bowls and bottles with much use 

 of ticked and spurred engraved lines; engraved lines are heavier and more 

 forceful than in Gibson Aspect; bottle necks frequently flare at the lip; cari- 

 nated bowls with flat bases; equal arm elbow pipes of clay; bird and animal 

 effigy heads on bowl rims ; rattle bowls. 



Chipped-stone artifacts — arrow points of several distinctive types; blades, 

 scrapers, drills, and other implements of various forms. 



Twelve foci are presently considered to be affiliates of the Fulton 

 Aspect. They are Frankston, Allen, Titus, Texarkana, Glendora, 

 Bossier, Belcher, Mid-Ouachita, McCurtain, Wiley, Fort Coffee, and 

 Turkey Bluff. All are Neo-American except Allen and Glendora, 

 which are Historic. While a few large village sites are known in 

 the Fulton Aspect, the tendency seems to be toward a great number 

 of small, scattered components as opposed to the large, centralized 

 Gibson Aspect sites. Mound building may have been deemphasized 

 in Fulton Aspect times. 



