8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 179 



that stream; triangular arrow points, side-notched or without 

 notches; cache pits; bison scapula hoes and other bone implements; 

 snub-nosed scrapers; shallow flexed or semiflexed burials, frequently 

 without mortuary furniture (this applies with certainty only to Wiley 

 and Fort Coffee, no burial data being available for Turkey Bluff). 

 Caddoan Area traits common to the three foci include various 

 pottery and arrow point types of both the Gibson and Fulton Aspects. 



Situated in a narrow zone at the northwestern edge of the Caddoan 

 Area, Wiley, Fort Coffee, and Turkey Bluff are closely related in 

 many details to the Henrietta and Washita River Foci that occupy 

 a narrow adjoining zone to the northwest. Henrietta and Washita 

 River, usually classified as marginal Plains Area cultures, parallel 

 the other three foci closely with respect to Plains traits, but are dif- 

 ferentiated by the relatively infrequent occurrence of Caddoan Area 

 traits. 



It might be argued that Wiley, Fort Coffee, and Turkey Bluff 

 should not be considered part of the Fulton Aspect proper, but are 

 more on the order of intermediate complexes marginal to both the 

 Caddoan and Plains Areas.* 



HISTORIC STAGE 



Two foci of the Fulton Aspect have been assigned to the Historic 

 Stage because their components frequently contain European trade 

 items such as glass beads, steel knives, and gun parts. One of them, 

 the Allen Focus, is the Historic equivalent of the Frankston Focus 

 and has been identified with the Hasinai tribe of the Post-Contact 

 Period. Glendora Focus, the other Historic complex, is though to 

 have developed out of the Texarkana-Bossier-Belcher-McCurtain- 

 Mid-Ouachita bloc. 



LOWER MISSISSIPPI INTRUSIONS 



In the eastern part of the Caddoan Area — extreme eastern Texas, 

 southwestern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Oklahoma — 

 are occasionally found archeological remains of cultures whose dis- 

 tribution is centered in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Some of the 

 remains are possibly intrusive in Caddoan sites as trade material, 

 while others apparently represent sites actually occupied by peoples 

 whose strongest cultural ties lie with the Lower Mississippi Valley. 

 Evidence of the Coles Creek complex is especially abundant in the 

 Caddoan Area as compared to other Lower Mississippi complexes. 

 Some indications of Marksville and Troyville occupation are present, 

 however, as well as a possibility of a Tchefuncte-like intrusion on 

 an earlier level. 



•Author's note. Suhm et al. (1954) include Port Coffee and Turkey Bluff In the 

 Fulton Aspect, but not Wylie Focus. 



