pS ^o' 2-^]' McNARY RESERVOIR — SHINER 179 



ment of bone was found. It was incised in exactly the same way as 

 were the two fragments from the Hat Creek site. The few chopping 

 tools from the surface were also similar but contemporaneity cannot 

 be proved. 



SITE 35-UM-7 (COLD SPRINGS) 



The Cold Springs site (35-UM-7) lies about 3 miles east and up- 

 stream from Hat Creek. Situated on the south bank of the river, the 

 site can be detected by its numbers of pit-house depressions, mussel- 

 shell fragments, and broken rock on the surface. 



The site occupies a terrace which was not inundated except by the 

 highest floods, such as occurred in 1903 and 1948 (pi. 34, h). Its 

 composition is for the most part fine silt and wind-blown sand, al- 

 though no small part of the volume is made up of the midden debris 

 of man, shells, and broken rocks. This terrace is rightly 150 feet 

 wide and 1,500 feet long. The midden material, where tested, aver- 

 aged some 5 to 51/^ feet in depth. 



Beneath the midden, but not altogether in stratigraphic conformity 

 with it, lay a stratum of volcanic ash. This was the same stratum that 

 was exposed at Hat Creek, and that covered the midden there. Al- 

 though there had been some slight erosion of the ash at Cold Springs, 

 and it had been severely burrowed through by rodents, it formed an 

 excellent point of orientation in relating the Cold Springs artifacts to 

 those from Hat Creek. 



Another stratum, somewhat weakly developed in certain parts of the 

 site, was composed of shells of the fresh- water mussel {Margaritifera 

 margaritifera falcata (Gould) ). This stratum was more or less con- 

 tinuous over most of the site in the form of contiguous lenses and lay 

 between 2 and 3 feet below the surface (pi. 34, a) . Its thickness varied 

 from about 1 inch to nearly 1 foot, and it was made up of tightly 

 packed shells, some burned and some unburned. Practically nothing 

 else was to be found in the shell layer. 



Since the Cold Springs site was excavated prior to the excavation 

 of the Hat Creek site, the Cold Springs materials were reexamined. 

 In 1952, additional testing was done at Cold Springs, and a larger 

 sample of artifacts was recovered. Altogther, some 2,500 man hours 

 were spent in excavating the site, but only a small collection of arti- 

 facts was recovered. Less than 200 specimens were cataloged. 



ARCHITECTURE 



No traces of dwellings had been found at the early sites 35-UM-5 

 (Hat Creek) or 35-UM-3. It was at the Cold Springs site that the 

 first evidence of architecture was foimd. Houses in the McNary 

 Reservoir region are poorly preserved, and not much information 

 can be recovered from their excavation. The more recent houses 



