Pap. No^"23T' JklcNARY RESERVOIR — SHINER 187 



cult — and there was no sign of grooving. In comparing these tools 

 with those from Hat Creek, a few general observations may be made. 

 The Hat Creek specimens were of inferior manufacture and showed 

 less use than those from Cold Springs. In most cases, the cobbles se- 

 lected for use at Cold Springs were more symmetrical and would have 

 been easier to handle. 



A new type of chopping tool appears at Cold Springs, and strati- 

 graphically shows up in the early part of the occupation. It is made 

 on flat oval or round river cobbles. The diameter is usually between 

 60 and 100 mm. and the thickness between 10 and 15 mm. Basalt was 

 usually the material used, but it is not of the tough fine-grained variety 

 that was preferred for the cobble choppers. This tool that may well 

 have been used for scraping and fish scaling, as well as chopping, was 

 made in several forms. The edge of the flat stone was flaked from 

 both sides to produce a tool with a single bit, or one with a double bit, 

 or occasionally one with a cutting edge aU the way around. The 

 early or deepest portion of the midden showed only the type with the 

 single bit, and the others appear to develop somewhat later. Alto- 

 gether 10 of these tools were recovered at the Cold Springs site, and 

 the minority, about 4, were assignable to the early portion of the 

 midden. 



Three kinds of net weights were found at the site, and each type 

 appeared early in the occupation. The type of which the most speci- 

 mens were recovered was the notched net weight (pi. 41, h). It was 

 made from the same kind of flat river- worn rocks that were used for the 

 chopping tools described above. The materials selected were the 

 same as for the chopping tools, but there was a preference for more 

 oval stones in preparing net weights, and more circular stones for the 

 choppers. The notched net weight was prepared, as the name sug- 

 gests, by notching both ends of the flat oval stone, so that it could be 

 secured to the net. In most cases there is evidence that the sharp 

 edges of the notch were abraded in some way, so that they would not 

 cut the binding cords. Perhaps five notched net weights could be 

 assigned to the early part of the occupation. At least two specimens 

 apparently were discarded or lost shortly after the occupation began 

 at the site. 



Another type of net weight was of the same general proportions 

 but about twice as large. It was bored through with a hole 15 mm. in 

 diameter placed near one end, but otherwise it was unaltered. Several 

 artifacts of this type have been picked up on the surface along the 

 banks of the Columbia, but none besides this one seem to have been 

 found in direct association with other archeological materials. 



The third type of net weight was an ovate river-worn stone with 

 dimensions 16 cm. by 13 cm. by 7 cm. Plate 41, i, shows a similar 

 specimen. The material is quartzite, and it has a shallow groove 



