190 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 179 



two were barbed, and the other was leaf shaped. Choppers were care- 

 fully made with symmetrical double bits, and a chipped stone fetish 

 was associated with these materials. This last artifact requires some 

 discussion (see pi. 37, a, bottom row, center) . 



Admittedly, there is some question as to the use of the artifact, but 

 there is no reasonable explanation of it as a tool form. It was made by 

 splitting a small discoid pebble of quartzite that was from 3 to 7 cm. 

 in diameter. Two opposite edges of the spall were then chipped away 

 until the outline was wider at one end than at the other. Two arcs 

 of the original circle are left, one larger than the other. In the edge 

 and at the center of the larger arc a small notch was cut. Usually, 

 when preservation permits, red ocher is found rubbed into the notch. 



An Indian at Celilo Falls, Oreg., identified one of these objects as a 

 "good luck stone" formerly carried by young men. He stated that it 

 was an effigy of a man (actually it looked more like a headless torso), 

 and that the broader arc represented the shoulders and the notch 

 represented the neck. 



ECONOMY 



Unfortunately, the large collection of animal bones recovered at 

 35-UM-7 were not examined thoroughly by an expert. A preliminary 

 examination, however, led to the identification of a number of animals 

 that were probably used for food. The bones of fish were the most 

 numerous of all. Salmon, trout, and sucker were identified. Among 

 the mammal bones, the most frequent were those of deer, followed by 

 the brush rabbit and the jackrabbit. Bones of elk, mountain sheep, 

 porcupine, and several kinds of birds were also present. Due to in- 

 complete analysis, it is not possible to state whether or not there were 

 changes in the type of game sought through the duration of the occu- 

 pation. It was noted, however, that fish bones were numerous at all 

 depths in the midden. 



The river mussel was used for food at all times. During one short 

 span, apparently toward the end of the major occupation, there was 

 heavy reliance upon river mussels for food. At this time, the thick 

 layers of shells were discarded over a large portion of the site. 

 Whether this was caused by a failure of the annual salmon run or 

 not it is impossible to determine. 



Specialized tools that could have been employed in gathering vege- 

 table foods were not recovered. Several flat stones showed evidence 

 of having been used for grinding some substance. These were not 

 mortars, but slightly used slabs of basalt. Specialized hunting and 

 fishing artifacts were numerous, as can be seen in the section on mate- 

 rial culture. Both the long slender basalt knives and the discoid 

 choppers could have been used in preparing meat and fish for drying. 

 In spite of the lack of data on gathering, it must be assumed that a 



