pS N^f" 2^3T' McNARY RESERVOIR — SHINER 203 



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There is nearly always room for argument over whether certain 

 chipped tools are to be called projectile points or knives. At the 

 present time there is no way of being certain about some specimens. 

 With the materials from the Wallula site there seemed to be a pref- 

 erence for small barbed points. Others were leaf shaped and small, 

 and some were intermediate in size. There were still others, five in 

 number, that were considerably larger and heavier, and in this case 

 have been called knives. Ten more blades were of shapes that have 

 not been associated with projectile points, but have been found (at 

 45-BN-3) with knife handles still intact. All 10 of these knives are 

 variations of a lozenge shape with straight, concave, or convex bases. 

 The materials included basalt (7 specimens), petrified wood (6 speci- 

 mens), agate (1 specimen), and jasper (1 specimen). Blades simi- 

 lar to the lozenge-shaped knives were found in north-central Oregon, 

 by L. S. Cressman. He said in referring to his specimens : 



I believe these latter to be end scrapers on the basis of experience in classify- 

 ing numerous similar specimens in early collections for The Dalles region of the 

 Columbia River. Microscopic examination showed pitch on the sides of the 

 contracted portion, obviously evidence of hafting. [Cressman, 1950, p. 378.] 



Cressman's explanation may be correct, but the specimens from 

 4:5-BN-3 were hafted with the pointed end exposed for use. There 

 is no reason why a tool of this sort might not be used either way. 



Flake scrapers found at the Wallula site were not significantly dif- 

 ferent from those described earlier. They were of essentially the same 

 materials as the projectile points, and there was no attempt at shaping. 

 A few of the flakes may have been deliberately removed, but the ma- 

 jority are the result of having been used for scraping. The 22 speci- 

 mens recovered at the site are primary flakes, with an average diameter 

 of about 3 cm. 



Spall scrapers, which were abundant at the Techumtas Island site 

 (35-UM-17), were represented at the Wallula site by only four speci- 

 mens. These tools are almost always made of quartzite, perhaps be- 

 cause the quartzite cobbles in the Columbia River tend to have such 

 well-defined cleavage planes. The spalls are always thin, having one 

 surface which is weathered and one which is the cleavage plane. The 

 edges usually show some crumbled battering. It is likely that the spall 

 was a sort of general utility artifact, easy to make, handy to use, and 



