204 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGl [Bull. 179 



expendable. The same was probably true of the other chopping and 

 hammering tools. 



Stone weights for seines and nets were abmidant in the midden, on 

 the surface, and on the gravel beach of the Columbia River (pi. 4:1, h). 

 The description of the 2-notched stone weight given for those from 

 the Cold Springs site holds perfectly well for 31 specimens excavated 

 at the Wallula site. A variation on the type makes its appearance there 

 with 18 specimens that have 4 notches instead of 2. These quadrilater- 

 ally notched weights are about 25 percent longer and wider than the 

 laterally notched variety, but otherwise do not differ significantly. No 

 evidence could be found to show that either variety was stratigraphi- 

 cally older than the other, for both were randomly distributed through 

 the midden. There does seem to be a proportional increase in the 

 4-notched variety as one proceeds upstream from the McNary Dam. 



Girdled net w^eights were made by pecking a shallow groove aromid 

 the smallest diameter of a large ovate river cobble (pi. 41, h, center). 

 Granite porphyry and quartzite were preferred or at least were readily 

 available in the river gravel. The three grooved weights from the 

 midden averaged 16 cm. in length and 13 cm. in width. 



Coarse stone tools such as hammers and choppers were particularly 

 abundant all over the region, and certainly no less so at Wallula (pi. 

 40, h). Of the 78 specimens that had been used for hammering, 34 

 had been intended for use as hammers only. The remaining 44 ham- 

 mers had originally been chopping tools which, after becoming dull, 

 were used as hammers. As explained earlier, these basalt river cobbles 

 were roughly flaked to a smgle edge for choppmg tools, or used 

 without alteration for hammers. Twenty-six cobble choppers saw no 

 subsequent use as hammers, and were discarded with no further altera- 

 tion. All the cobble tools were apparently fashioned for use without 

 hafting. No grooves or other hafting devices were employed. 



The discoid chopping tools, flat river-worn pebbles with chipped 

 edges, were represented by 38 specimens (pi. 40, a). A trial division 

 of these tools into four subtypes seems to be justified, for there is no 

 gradation or overlapping in the division. The simplest, and inci- 

 dently the smallest, subtype is chipped on one edge, and the bit takes 

 up approximately one-fourth of the circumference. Another, slightly 

 larger, has bits of the same size on opposite sides. A third, still larger, 

 is chipped three-quarters of the way around the circumference, and the 

 last is chipped all of the way around. The gross size of each tool is 

 thus directly proportional to the amount of the bit or cutting edge. 

 It is perhaps significant that discoid choppers are often associated with 

 notched net weights, suggesting some use in the fishing complex. 



Two problematical objects that were recovered in the midden could 

 have been used as adzes or hoes (pi. 41, a). They were flaked from 



