pip. N^o!' 2¥]''' McNARY RESERVOIR — SHINER 205 



basalt spalls of exfoliation and utilized the plane surface of exfolia- 

 tion (or perhaps frost wedging) as one side of the tool. By rough 

 percussion flaking from the flat side, a planoconvex tool with an out- 

 line like that of an ax blade was formed. The broad end of the tool 

 was retouched and quite sharp, but the sides of the tool were blunted. 

 If the tool were hafted by lashing a T-shaped handle to the flat side, 

 the blunted edges would lessen the chance of the lashings being cut 

 during use, and there are slight polished areas on the surface where 

 the lashings might be expected to cross. One of the tools is 22.8 cm. 

 long and 9 cm. wide, and the other is 21 cm. long and 8.6 cm. wide. 

 Such a tool would be most useful in hollowing out canoes, in digging 

 houses and graves, and perhaps for other purposes. Nearly identical 

 tools have been found in the region during surface surveys, and one 

 was found associated with the late occupation of the Cold Springs 

 site. 



Two smaller basalt artifacts were probably used as wedges. One 

 had been prepared by striking two long flakes from a more or less 

 cylindrical pebble, and the other was a basalt fragment whose planes 

 of frost wedging created a natural wedge. Both had been battered 

 at the blunt end. The chipped specimen is 5.1 cm. long and 2.2 cm. 

 wide, while the other is 11.8 cm. long and 5 cm. wide. 



Occasionally some of the large river cobbles were used as lapstones 

 or anvils. The two stones used in this manner at the Wallula site 

 were river-worn cobbles of granite porphyry, each about 24 cm. in 

 diameter and 10 cm. thick. The battered surface was in the center 

 of one of the nearly flat sides and perhaps 6 cm. in diameter. Had 

 the battering scars not been in the form of sharp pits, these objects 

 might have been called mortars. One of the anvils had been flaked 

 to a rough cutting edge over a third of its diameter in the manner of 

 the cobble choppers. The heavy 2-handed chopper may have been 

 made before or after its use as an anvil ; it was not possible to determine 

 which took precedence. 



There were two types of chipped stone drill bits f oimd at the Wallula 

 site, but only one representative of each type. One of these is long 

 (3.3 cm. without the tip) and slender (9 mm. in diameter). In cross 

 section it is oval, almost circular. The other type is shaped like an 

 automobile key, having a broad rounded base with a sharp bit. The 

 basal diameter is 2.1 cm., but the tip of the point is missing. Both 

 types were probably hafted, but it would be entirely possible to use 

 the "key" type unhafted. No data are available on whether a bow 

 was used with a hafted drill bit or the shaft was twirled between the 

 hands. 



Objects made of ground and polished stone are rarely found in 

 midden deposits in the McNai-y region. Those recovered there are 



