206 BUREAU OF AISIERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bnll. 179 



usually fragmentary. We were fortunate in recovering six such arti- 

 facts at the Wallula site, even though five of the six were broken and 

 incomplete. Two fragments of basalt pestles that were found con- 

 sisted of the blunt grinding ends only. They had been pecked to 

 shape but worked only to a fair polish. A third specimen was com- 

 plete but of poor workmanship. It had been pecked to shape but the 

 pecking scars had not been polished away. The length was 18.3 

 cm., the diameter was 6.4 cm., and it tapered slightly. Another pestle, 

 not classed as ground stone, was a long cylindrical river stone of 

 basalt that had been used with no alteration. 



Two fragments of stone bowls were in the midden deposit. Though 

 not part of the same bowl, the two pieces are of nearly the same size 

 and shape, each being about one-quarter of the original specimen. 

 One would have had an outside diameter from 14 to 16 cm., and the 

 other from 13 to 15 cm. Overall height of each would have been 

 approximately 7 cm. Both bowls had been hollowed out of river 

 cobbles, one of quartzitic sandstone and the other of granite. The 

 interiors were exceptionally well smoothed, and the bases were flat- 

 tened for stability. One of the bowl fragments was in close association 

 with several cobble hammers and one of the pestle fragments. 



Only one fragment of a stone pipe was found at Wallula, and it 

 was a part of the bowl of a two-piece type. Tliis type consists of a 

 parabolic bowl with a female flange fitting for the insertion of the 

 stem. The stem is in line with the pipe, so that it is merely a vari- 

 ation of the regular tubular type. The specimen recovered in the 

 midden was of dark gray talc schist, well polished, but too frag- 

 mentary for measurement. Several pipes of this kind were found 

 on Sheep Island by Garth (1952 b) in 1950. 



Altogether, 34 artifacts of bone and antler were recovered at 45- 

 WW-6. As with nearly every class of artifacts that is represented 

 in the area, many of these tools are generalized, and one can only 

 speculate as to their use or uses. Nevertheless, they have been di- 

 vided tentatively into six categories : wedges, bone awls, flaking tools, 

 bone projectile points, needles, and dice. 



The wedges, eight in number, are all of deer or elk antler (pi. 39, 5). 

 The antler, in most cases, was split longitudinally ; it was ground and 

 polished to a rounded bit at one end and had a blunt striking surface 

 at the other. Wedges of this sort, as previously mentioned, were 

 observed in use and described by I^wis and Clark in October 

 1805 (Thwaites, 1904-5, vol. 3), a few miles from 45-WW-6. They 

 were used in conjimction with stone mauls for splitting timber. All 

 but one of the Wallula wedges are flat in cross section and have oval 

 bits. The exception is round in cross section with a pointed rather 

 than a flat bit. Antler, especially the cancellous tissue, is extremely 

 susceptible to decay, and for this reason, many of the specimens are 



