pip. No^' 2^3Y" McNARY RESERVOIR — SHINER 207 



not complete. The average wedge appears to have been between 

 8 cm. and 12 cm. long and between 2 cm. and 4.5 cm. at the maximum 

 width. A considerable variation can be noted in the quality of work- 

 manship in that some of the wedges are well made and polished 

 while others are exceedingly rough. 



Within the class of bone awls there is no end of variation (pi. 39, a) . 

 Some are almost certainly awls; others may have had another use. 

 Some are carefully shaped and polished, while others are only 

 abraded at the tip. There seems to be little point in going into the 

 individual details of all the specimens, since no two are really identical. 

 It should be pointed out that besides the variation in shape and size 

 a number of materials were used. Awls were made from various 

 bones of deer; scapula, fibula, and metacarpal or metatarsal. Deer 

 ribs and one of the long bones of a large bird were also used. Tliirteen 

 specimens of awls were recovered, and less than half of them could 

 be considered well made. 



Flaking tools were presumably used in flaking projectile points, 

 knives, scrapers, and drills. Two of them were tines of deer antler 

 showing wear at the tip; the third flaker was fragmentary and of 

 bone. Only the tip remained, but it approximated the antler thies 

 in shape and wear. 



The three bone artifacts that had been classified as bone projectile 

 points were all approximately the same size : 55 mm. to 58 mm. long, 

 and 8 mm. to 10 mm. wide. One of the gi-oup was but a slightly 

 abraded bone sliver that was keenly pointed at one end and beveled 

 at the other. The other two were more carefully fashioned and were 

 quite symmetrical (pi. 39, a). In cross section they were rectangular 

 with only a slight beveling of the edges. These points had been 

 ground all over with a rough abrasive such as scoria or sandstone 

 but had not been polished. It would be possible to mistake them 

 for flaking tools except that the tips show no greater degree of abra- 

 sion or wear than do the shafts. While they may be spear tines, 

 there is no apparent way for them to be hafted. Bone points or the 

 trident fish spear usually show beveling near the base in order to 

 facilitate hafting. Since these points were apparently constructed 

 to be hafted singly, they have been classified as projectile points. 



In the use of the term "needle" to describe the four long slender arti- 

 facts of bone, it is not meant to imply that they were necessarily em- 

 ployed in sewing. The two specimens that were complete had no eyes, 

 nor was there any direct evidence that eyed needles were used at the 

 site. These tools were simply too long, slender, and fragile to have 

 been used as ordinary awls (pi. 39, «) . It is suggested that they may 

 have been employed in constructing twilled or coiled basketry, twilled 

 mats, and in making small perforations in hides. Since the average 

 width is but 5 mm. and the average thickness only 3 mm., rough usage 



