212 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 179 



Chipped-stone scrapers were not found in the graves. Those from 

 the midden were of the usual prunary flake type, showing more the 

 results of having been used than having been deliberately prepared 

 for use. 



Nearly all of the coarse stone tools came fi-om the midden area 

 or were being washed out of the riverbaiik on the edge of the site. 

 The list included hammers, choppers, and spall flakes as well as 

 two-notched and four-notched net weights. The choppers were of the 

 cobble as well as the discoid type, and four out of every five net 

 weights were of the two-notch type. Net weights littered the gravel 

 along the waterline the whole length of Berrian's Island as well as 

 the island adjacent to it on which 45-BN-53 is situated. 



Objects of gromid and polished stone were frequently placed in the 

 graves. The large stone mallets which have been described earlier 

 were among these (pi. 42, &). Four mallets were recovered, as were 

 five long tapered pestles of diorite. The pestles were from 7 inches 

 (18 cm.) to 15 inches (38 cm.) long. Since no stone mortars were 

 found, it was assiuned that mortars may have been made of wood. 

 The pestles from the graves were better made and more finely polished 

 than those found at the Wallula site. 



Five stone pipes of soapstone (steatite) had been placed with the 

 burials (pi. 43, &) . Three of the five were of the tubular type, slightly 

 restricted near the mouthpiece and flaring into a flanged mouthpiece. 

 Another pipe had a bulbous bowl and a straight narrow stem without 

 the flange. The last one, only 3.5 cm. long, had a foreshortened bowl 

 and flange, and must have had a separate stem which fitted into it. 

 All of the pipes were carefully made and exceptionally well polished. 

 Three pipes were decorated with small notches around the mouth- 

 piece; one had hatched triangles incised on the bowl. 



Chipped-stone fetishes were not found in the graves, but were found 

 111 quantities on the eroded section of the midden and on the terrace 

 just east of the burial area. There is every reason to believe that 

 they are of the same age as the burials even though they were not 

 found in the graves. 



Antler wedges were represented by about six specimens (pi. 43, a). 

 There were no significant differences between these and the wedges 

 found at the Wallula site. The antler was split, ground to a chisel 

 point at one end, and left blunt at the other. It is believed that these 

 tools were used with the ground-stone mallets for splitting wood. 



Bone awls were numerous in the graves, and several were of excel- 

 lent workmanship (pi. 43, a). A number of awls were of the splin- 

 ter type, unfinished except at the tip of the point, and made of split 

 sections of long bone. One was made of a deer ulna with the proximal 

 end used as a handle. At least three awls were finished and polished 



