Pap. No!' 2^1'^* McNARY RESERVOIR — SHINER 225 



Later on, the leaf -shaped projectile point was replaced by a side- 

 notched point. This is the first appearance of notching of any type 

 in the region. Along with side-notched points came the use of dis- 

 coid choppers. The earliest of these were not specialized, in that the 

 size of the cutting edge or bit had not yet become stabilized. Discoid 

 choppers did not replace the cobble choppers, but were an addition to 

 the inventory. About that time, the long basalt knives began to drop 

 from use. A few of them were associated with side-notched points 

 but the majority were lost or discarded when the midden was still 

 shallow. 



It is not clear when the first permanent houses were built. The 

 earliest house found at Cold Springs was probably assignable to a 

 time toward the end of the earliest occupation or about the beginning 

 of what might be termed the middle part of the occupation. From 

 that time on, semisubterranean pit houses were standard. 



The middle period saw the introduction of the first marine shell 

 and the first carved stone, the latter represented by a small steatite 

 pendant and a short steatite tubular pipe. The rest of the material 

 culture shows no change. Thus, in transition from the early part of 

 the occupation of Cold Springs to the middle, leaf-shaped projectile 

 points are replaced by side-notched points, and discoid choppers, new 

 ornaments, and carved stone are added. 



By the time people were living on Techumtas Island and across 

 the Columbia at 45-BN-53, more changes had taken place. There 

 may have been a time interval between these villages and the abandon- 

 ment of Cold Springs, but the record is not clear. At least the people 

 were no longer makmg the large side-notched points, and had replaced 

 them with small delicate corner-notched or triangular projectile 

 points. Some side-notched points were made but they were half 

 the size of those used at Cold Springs (see pi. 46, a, for relative sizes) . 

 Small thumbnail scrapers made their appearance at this time, al- 

 though the flake scrapers continued in use. Chipped-stone fetishes 

 were found at the Techumtas Island site for the first time, and the 

 stone mallet was probably introduced into the area then. Discoid 

 choppers were numerous and probably specialized in form, although 

 too few specimens were recovered for analysis. Spall flake scrapers 

 or knives became more numerous than ever. 



There seems to have been little change in the economy except for 

 a decreased use of shellfish. Fishing and hunting were important, 

 and it must be assumed that gathering of vegetable products was 

 always carried on. The only change in architecture detectable is a 

 slight decrease in the size of houses. The pattern of dual division of 

 the village seen at Cold Springs was continued at Techumtas Island 

 but was not apparent at 45-BN-53. Some time during the occu- 



