pip, nT;23T' McNARY research — SHINER 249 



glon of the north, and, if there was such a province, what the cultural suh- 

 stratum was from which the later localized types of culture developed. [Cress- 

 man, 1940, p. 15.] 



Daugherty's discoveries seem to be bearing out Cressman's predic- 

 tions except for the fact that grinding tools were not an integral part 

 of the Lind Coulee culture. In fact, grinding tools of stone may not 

 even exist north of the Columbia Kiver. They did not appear in any 

 of the Columbia and Snake River sites investigated by River Basin 

 Surveys. This does not prove Cressman to be wrong. He was search- 

 ing for the geographical limits of the northern Great Basin culture, 

 and it now appears that the northern limit may be the Columbia River. 

 In fact, it has been reported (Cressman, oral communication, 1953) 

 that Cressman found grinding tools in an early site on the south bank 

 of the Columbia River near The Dalles, Oreg. 



Where the materials from sites like Hat Creek fit in the picture, it 

 is not possible to say. The culture of that period could not be called 

 Plateau, for it was not adjusted to Plateau ecology. It supports 

 Osborne's theory about the early prehistoric period : 



My present impression is that the Plateau was originally occupied by groups 

 similar in culture to the Great Basin (the Plateau is, in many ways, little more 

 than an extension of the Great Basin). [Osborne, 1951, p. 302.] i" 



Until Cressman's and Daugherty's new materials are studied, and 

 other Early Man sites are excavated in the Plateau, the nature of 

 Paleo-Indian culture in the area cannot be properly determined. 



SUMMARY 



Other than the comparison between the early levels of Hobo Cave 

 and the Cold Springs site, it is not possible to discuss cultural develop- 

 ments elsewhere in the Plateau. The late prehistoric period, however, 

 is well represented by sites all over the area. Tables 2 to 8, which 

 were given for sites and regions in nearly every part of the Plateau, 

 clearly indicate that the late prehistoric period was one of widespread 

 uniformity of material culture. Some of the artifacts listed were 

 crudely made and more or less generalized. Many of them, however, 

 were highly specialized and of complex form. 



It is the wide distribution of the specialized artifacts that is signif- 

 icant, for they are far less likely to have been independently invented. 

 A large series of complex tools, which are similar in small detail, 

 spread all over the Plateau, is substantial evidence of the homogeneity 

 of Plateau culture in the late prehistoric period. 



In addition to the list of artifacts common to the entire Plateau, 

 others can be given which are almost as widespread. Lozenge blades 

 vary slightly in shape from region to region, but are present in each. 



" See footnote 3, p. 164. 

 0a6583--61-. 19 



