20 BUKEAIT OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bill. 32 



rooms is largely a matter of conjecture; the writer estimates this at 250, 

 making a total of about 700 rooms. 



There were ten circular kivas at Otowi, all subterranean and outside 

 of the walls of the buildings with two exceptions (see plan, fig. 6, 

 sec. a, e). Kivas within the pueblo walls were unusual in the pueblos 

 of Pajarito plateau. They exist in the great ruin at the base of Peder- 

 nal peak and are found also in the older and smaller houses. 



A reservoir, which doubtless supplied water for drinking purposes 

 at times, was placed, as was often the case in both ancient and modern 

 pueblos, so as to receive the drainage from the village. 



The traditions of Otowi are fairly well preserved. It was the oldest 

 village of Powhoge clans of which they have definite traditions at 

 San Ildefonso. They hold in an indefinite way that prior to the build- 

 ing of this village they occupied scattered ''small house " ruins on the 

 adjacent mesas, and they claim that when the mesa life grew unbear- 

 able from lack of water, and removal to the valley became a necessity, 

 a detachment from Otowi founded the pueblo of Perage in the valley 

 on the west side of the Rio Grande about a mile west of their present 

 village site. 



No. 9. — This is a small pueblo ruin in Otowi canyon just across the 

 arroyo about 300 yards south of Otowi pueblo. It is situated on top 

 of a narrow ridge which runs parallel with the one on which the large 

 ruin stands. The stones of the building are smaller and the construc- 

 tion work is cruder. The building consists of one solid rectangle with 

 one kiva within the court. Seven other small pueblo ruins or clan 

 houses are scattered along the same ridge to the west within a distance 

 of one mile, all apparently belonging to this settlement. 



No. 10. Tsankawi (Tewa, "place of the round cactus"). — About 

 two miles southeast of Otowi is the ruin of Tsankawi, the most pic- 

 turesquely situated of any settlement of primitive people ever seen 

 by the writer, with the exception of Chipiinuinge at the base of Peder- 

 nal peak. It is a veritable ''sky city." From the top of Tsankawi 

 mesa one looks upon a stupendous panorama — the Jemez range on the 

 west; on the eastern horizon, a hundred miles of the lofty Santa Fe 

 range; glimpses of the Rio Grande and its fertile valley through a cleft 

 some five miles away, beyond which lies a dreary sand-waste; and 

 near at hand in eyerj direction huge yellow volcanic mesas and pro- 

 found depths of wooded canyons. The site was chosen entirely for 

 its defensive character and is an exceptionally strong one. 



The builders of Tsankawi kept to the orthodox rectangular plan, as 

 shown in figure 7. The masonry is in no respect different from that of 

 Otowi. There were ten kivas at Tsankawi — a large number for the 

 population, which probably never exceeded 300 to 400 people, although 

 this would be considerably increased if we should count the population 



