38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 32 



The comnianding ])()sition was at the <>;ateway to the Tewa countr}^ east 

 of the mountains, and accordin^j to tradition it was the function of 

 Chipiinuinge to withstand as far as possible the raids of enemies com- 

 ing from the northwest. The pueblo was built entirely of stone and 

 was of three stories, in places possibly four. Portions of second-story 

 walls are still standing and many cedar timbers are well preserved. 

 The remains of 15 kivas (fig. 20, a to o) , mostly circular, a few rectangu- 

 lar, are still traceable in and about the ruins. These are all mostly, if 

 not wholly, subterranean, having been excavated in the rock surface on 

 which the ]:)ueblo stands. The cliff-dwellmgs in the east face of the 

 mesa are all of the excavated type and appear to have been used for 

 mortuar}' quite as much as for domiciliary purposes. 



No. 34... Yugeuinge (fig. 21). — Passing now to the ruins in the valley 

 north of the Chama, the first to be noticed is that of Yugeuinge, situ- 









Fig. 21. — Ground plan of Yugeuinge. 



ated on the delta formed by the confluence of the Chama and Rio 

 Grande. This site is partially occupied by the Mexican village of 

 Chamita, of especial interest as the first white settlement in New 

 Mexico, founded in 1598. The ruin now consists of one irregular 

 quadrangle mth large openings on the northwest and southeast. If 

 the village embraced buildings other than the two great structures 

 surrounding this quadrangle, they have been entirely obliterated. 

 This might readily have occurred, as the site is completely surrounded 

 by cultivated fields. The mounds are so well preserved that the form 

 of the pueblo is perfectly obvious. It was built of adobe with consid- 

 erable use of rubble and small bowlders laid in mortar. 



No. 35. Poseuinge or Posege. — This is the first of a group of large 

 ruins in the valley of Ojo Caliente, the first northern tributary of the 

 Chama. The ruin is about 14 miles above the confluence, situated on 



