HEWETT] AISTTIQUITIES OF THE JEMEZ PLATEAU 11 



shaped by excavation (pi. ii, a). A considerable advance over this 

 type is shown in the wholly artificial dwelling excavated in the per- 

 pendicular face of the cliff (pi. ii, h), the front wall being formed of 

 the natural rock in situ. Numerous variations occur as shown in 

 the illustrations, the most important of wliich are those with cased 

 doorways (pi. ii, c) and those with front wholly or in part of masonry 

 (pi. II, d, e, f). It is evident that when in use the majority of these 

 dwellings were rendered much more commodious by the building 

 of porches, as shown in the restoration (pi. iii, h) in front of the 

 excavated rooms. In some cases complete houses were built upon 

 the sloping talus, as shown in the restoration of Tshirege (pi. iii, a), 

 the excavated rooms at the back being used mainly for storage 

 and burial crypts. These cliff-dwellings occur in vast numbers in 

 the southern faces of the tongue-like mesas (potreros) of volcanic 

 tufa that extend out from the base of the mountains toward the valley 

 on what is known as the Pajarito plateau, the table-land lying between 

 the Jemez range and the Rio Grande. They occur also in similar 

 formations in the mesas that are drained by the southern and western 

 tributaries of the Chama. Occasionally they are found in cliffs with 

 eastern exposures, but they very rarely face either north or west. 



The pueblo ruins are those of the many-chambered community 

 houses which are found upon the mesa tops and in valleys independent 

 of any support from natural cliffs. They exist in large numbers on the 

 Pajarito plateau from Cochiti north to the rim of the table-land overlook- 

 ing the Chama valley; in the valleys of the northern tributaries of the 

 lower Chama; on the mesas both north and south of the upper Chama, 

 particularly in the Gallinas "bad lands;" and in the Jemez valley. 



The pueblo structure is invariably a cluster of rooms or cells. There 

 are numerous variations of extension and arrangement. In some 

 cases the rooms are arranged irregularly and in others they have a 

 definite alignment of common wall. ^ The smaller pueblos were but one 

 story high, while the majority of the large ones were from two to four 

 stories. There was a general tendency to build them in quadran- 

 gular form. Many single-chambered ruins are found in the vicinity 

 of the pueblos. These were for the most part simply camps or look- 

 outs, similar to those now used by the Pueblo Indians in summer. 



Petroglyphs or rock pictures are numerous throughout the districts, 

 especially so on the Puye cliffs in Pajarito park and in the Rio Grande 

 valley between La Joya and Embudo. Fine specimens are to be 

 seen also at the mouth of the Cany ones overlooking the Chama. The 

 illustrations here presented (pi. iv) give a fair idea of the range of 

 designs. Wliile some of these represent nothing more than idle 

 picture-making, perhaps most of them are of serious totemic, legend- 

 ary, and religious significance. 



" Tlie accompanying plans of pueblos represent only an approximation to the arrangement and 

 extent of the rooms. 



