hough] ANTIQUITIES OF GILA-SALT VALLEYS 23 



" cloud blowers," of this material bear evidence of the gouging, cut- 

 ting, and scraping used in excavating them, while their outer surfaces 

 have been finished by grinding. These and other cult objects were 

 painted with red, yellow, white, black, and green pigments. 



Drilling was usually practised in making beads, pendants, and 

 other objects, of which innumerable examples occur. Some are so 

 small that it is a problem how they were pierced. The drills, some- 

 times of obsidian but usually of chert, are long and slender and of 

 superb chipping. 



SHELLWORK 



Olivella shells were prepared for beads by grinding away the apex 

 and base; conns shells were likewise worked; and the Pacific clam was 

 drilled for necklace pendants, sawed into bracelets and finger rings, 

 or carved into likeness of the frog. The massive portions of shells 

 were formed into beads, usually circular, but sometimes drop-shape. 

 Thin plates of shell were cut into ornaments representing animals. 

 The processes by which shell was worked were grinding, drilling, and 

 sawing. Shell objects were sometimes engraved, the surface lending 

 itself particularly to this work, which was often artistically done. 



BONE WORK 



Though more resistant than shell, bone was readily worked by 

 means of stone saws, grinders, and drills. As a rule most bone imple- 

 ments are manufactured from portions of the .skeleton selected on 

 account of their shape and worked only so much as required. The 

 majority of awls answer to this description, but splints from long 

 bones were also ground into shape. When it was desired to section 

 a bone, it was grooved with a stone saw and broken apart, and the 

 rough end ground smooth by rubbing. In a few instances bone was 

 used to form ornaments and gambling dice. Occasionally bones were 

 ornamented with scores and colored with pigments. 



WOODWORK 



House timbers, wherever they survive, frequently show the marks 

 of the stone ax with which they were shaped. Firewood, procured 

 almost entirely from such brittle wood as junipers and cedars, was 

 broken off with stone hammers and axes or by hand. Stems of tough 

 shrubs suitable for bows, arrows, digging sticks and other implements 

 were scored with stone saws and broken or twisted off, or cut with flint 

 knives, the work with this tool having the appearance of scraping 

 rather than cutting'. 



