22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bnr,i.. 192 



it was first a Hinyedi or a Chugach camp, or a K^'ackqwan village. 

 There is also uncertainty as to why or when it was abandoned. In 

 1791, Maiaspina (1S85, p. 164) noted grave monuments here or in 

 the vicinity, similar to those at Ankau Creek. Since Russian days 

 it has been used as a camping place, and a White man has a cabin 

 nearby. It was here that our archeological work was concentrated; 

 a full discussion and description of the site is given later. 



8. Another site was reported at the mouth of a stream about half 

 a mile east of Old Town on the south shore of Knight Island. A 

 White man and his native wife now live here. We could find no trace 

 of the site. (Numbers for sites 7 and 8 are transposed on map 3.) 



9. The small rocky island close to the mainland east of Knight 

 Island is called "Little Fort" in Thngit (pi. 1, a). It is supposed to 

 have been fortified ''in the days of Xatgawet" as a protection against 

 Chugach raids. In the clearing on top of the island the outlines of 

 the fort walls are preserved, and they confirm native traditions that 

 the foundations of fortifications were often of stone. The walls of 

 rough cobblestones can be traced for a distance of about 70 feet along 

 the east side, and seem to enclose a rectangular area, 112 by 225 feet, 

 within which shelters of some kind were presumably built. In a 6- 

 inch cultural deposit of dark-brown rocky soil, outside the east wall, 

 a piece of copper, probably a Imife (ulo) blade, was found (F/1). The 

 island would now be hard to defend, but it had more precipitous 

 sides before it was elevated about 12}^ feet during the earthquake 

 of 1899. 



10. A former Chugach (?) camp was reported at the mouth of 

 the stream opposite the north end of Knight Island, but was not 

 visited. The land here rose about 5K feet during the earthquake. 



11. The old sealing camp, Tlaxata, is said to be back in the woods 

 on the north bank of the large stream about Sji miles below Point 

 Latouche. We were unable to land there. Maiaspina (1885, pp. 

 162-164) found natives camped here in early July 1791. 



12. Three sealing camps used in post-Russian times, and described 

 by Grinnell (1901, pp. 158-165), were at the mouths of streams 

 approximately 1%, 2}^, and 3)4 miles above Point Latouche. They 

 were called, respectively, "Burned Down" (in Eyak), WuganiyE 

 (meaning the same in Thngit), and "Big Valley" (in Tlingit). 

 WuganiyE was said to have been surrounded by a stone wall with 

 loopholes for guns, but the Tiaxayik-Teqwedi defenders were mas- 

 sacred by the Thngit Ti'uknaxAdi from Dry Bay. Although this 

 place was visited in M&j 1954, the snow was too deep to permit 

 exploration. The three camps were visited by the Harriman Alaska 

 Expedition in the spring of 1899, when they were occupied by 300 to 

 400 natives from Yakutat, Sitka, and Juneau. During the earth- 



