108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 192 



are classed by Heizer (1956, pi. 49, d-j, p. 51) among the flensing 

 knives. Probably the chipped paddle-shaped scraper is a local form 

 of the Yakutat and Pacific Eskimo, although, of course, long-handled 

 fleshing tools have a much wider distribution. 



The boulder chip (cobble flake) scrapers or knives were obviously 

 not common at Old Town, and were also rare at Chugach sites, in 

 striking contrast to Kachemak Bay, where such implements were 

 numerous in all horizons (de Laguna, 1956, p. 131). They also occur 

 on Kodiak ("Teshoa flakes," Heizer, 1956, p. 43). Four examples 

 from Daxatkanada (de Laguna, 1960, p. 110) show that the early 

 historic Tlingit of Angoon also used this type of tool although it has 

 usually escaped the museum collector. Cobble flakes were, and still 

 are, one of the common forms of ulo-shaped scrapers used by the 

 Yukon, Tanana, and Copper River Athabaskans for finishing soft 

 tanned skins of caribou and moose (de Laguna, 1947, pp. 127 ff., 187 

 ff.; field notes, Atna). Drucker (1950, Trait 788) records a "side 

 scraper," for making buckskin, from the southern Tlingit and Kwakiutl, 

 but without further information. The cobble flake scraper appears 

 to be associated with the tanning of large animal hides, and may thus 

 be considered a tool characteristic of the mainland, and especially of 

 the interior, where skin dressing was most highly developed. (These 

 scrapers are sometimes called "Chi-Tho," cf. Townsend and 

 Townsend, 1961, p. 42.) 



Other Yakutat chipped knives or scrapers are irregular and not very 

 distinctive, although Chugach specimens exhibit the same range of 

 types. In both areas, roughly shaped scrapers are almost the only 

 form of chipped stone artifact. 



BONE SCRAPERS 



A broken scraper made of an animal scapula was found in Old 

 Town II, as was a small piece of bu'd bone with one sharp edge which 

 may have been a scraper or smaU knife (pi. 16, k). From Old Town 

 III is a trough-shaped piece of whalebone, 11.2 cm. long and 5 cm. 

 wide, which has been sharpened across one end for use as a scraper or 

 gouge. These specimens are too fragmentary and indefinite in char- 

 acter to permit comparisons. Bone scrapers were evidently unim- 

 portant at Yakutat, as they were on the Northwest Coast and Prince 

 William Sound, in contrast to Kachemak Bay and Kodiak (de Laguna, 

 1956, p. 193). 



HAMMERSTONES, ANVILS (?), AND MAULS 



HAMMERSTONES 



Ordinary hammerstones are more numerous than any other type 

 of tool in the archeological collections from the Yakutat area. They 



