158 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 192 



and 1 cm. in diameter, containing organic matter (roots?), preserved 

 by the copper. A similar specimen from Old Town II is now (3.5) 

 cm. long (pi. 19, i). It was strung or hung on a string of two-ply S- 

 twist sinew(?) cord. Organic matter, including a coarse black 

 (human?) hair, adheres to the exterior. The two tubes may have 

 been beads, not pendants or danglers. 



The tubular copper ornaments are similar to archeological specimens 

 from Kachemak Bay IV, Daxatkanada near Angoon, and from the 

 territory of the southern Kwakiutl, Coast Salish (Comox), and Interior 

 Salish (Drucker, 1943, p. 122; de Laguna, 1934, pi. 49, 5, 6, p. 207; 

 1960, p. 126, pi. 10, I). Necklaces of copper beads were worn by the 

 Chilkat Tlingit, who also wore copper ear pendants, as did the Tsim- 

 shian, Haida, Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Bella Coola (Drucker, 1950, 

 Traits 625 and 653). Although Drucker (1943, p. 59) suggested that 

 tubular copper beads or pendants might belong only to the historic 

 period, they were certainly older at Yakutat and Kachemak Bay. It 

 was probably only by accident that none was found in Prince William 

 Sound. 



COILED COPPER WIRE BEADS 



Two coils of copper wire were found in Old Town III. One (see 

 fig. 18, /0, 2.9 cm. long and 0.6 cm. in diameter, was evidently made by 

 winding a thin copper strip 15 times around a slender cylindrical shaft. 

 The second coil, 2.6 cm. long and 1.1 cm. in diameter, is made of 

 round wire. 



These coils were probably strung as beads for necklaces, like those 

 of "ancient form" illustrated by Niblack (1890, pi. vi, figs. 9, 10) 

 from the Haida, for a Yakutat informant said that sometimes copper 

 wire was twisted like a rope and worn as a necldace. Some bracelets 

 and noserings were also said to have been made of twisted copper, 

 although these ornaments were probably solid, not open, coils of wire 

 (cf. Niblack, 1890, pi. vi, fig. 8). 



COAL BEADS 



Some 77 pieces of coal were found at Old Town. Of these, 15 

 were beads, 21 unfinished beads, and 41 unmodified lumps ranging 

 in size from 1.6 to 5.2 cm. in maximum diameter. The latter pre- 

 sumably represented material from which beads were to be made. 

 Although our mformants reported that their ancestors knew that 

 coal would burn and called it "Raven's ashes (or charcoal)," they 

 did not use it for fuel, and there is no archeological evidence to suggest 

 this. Coal can be found on the mainland at Eleanor Cove near 

 Kiiight Island, and on the mountainside on the west shore of Yakutat 

 Bay. Presumably, the coal at Old Town came from the first locality. 



