202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 192 



date for Kachemak Bay I, obtained by combining eight pieces of 

 antler from Yukon Island I (P-139). This gave a reading of 2706 

 ± B.P., or 866 to 630 B.C. (Rainey and Ralph, 1959, p. 371). Again 

 this stands alone (de Laguna, 1962). 



(2) Later prehistoric (possibly contemporaneous with late Kachemak 

 Bay III and IV, and with the upper levels at Uyak Bay) : Less de- 

 composed shells, abundance of fire-cracked rocks (probably used for 

 the steam bath), predominance of the splitting adz and of small 

 chisels and other small woodworking tools over the larger planing 

 adz, development of variants of the splitting adz such as the grooved 

 ax, the ax-pick, and the adz-ax, presence of war club heads (double- 

 pointed stone pick and chipped stone pick), increased popularity of 

 barbed stone blades, appearance of native copper in the latest deposits. 

 There are no radiocarbon dates for this period. 



(3) Protohistoric: The same types as in the later prehistoric except 

 for the addition of blue glass beads of the type seen by Captain Cook 

 in 1778. Presumably iron was also present, although we foimd none 

 in Chugach sites. 



(4) Historic (since 1783-84, with the beginning of Russian expansion 

 into Prince William Sound and along the Gulf of Alaska) : Trade goods, 

 especially small glass beads (like those found in the grave on Knight 

 Island), skeletal remains with lesions of syphilis and tuberculosis, and, 

 still later, the appearance of Christian burial. 



Admittedly, the only distinction between late prehistoric and proto- 

 historic sites rests on the presence or absence of Cook type glass beads 

 Since these were undoubtedly rare and precious, their absence from a 

 site that yielded few personal ornaments cannot be taken as proof of 

 prehistoric age. 



It is, however, probably significant that no beads or any objects 

 proving direct contact with White men were found at Old Town, while 

 Cook type beads and an iron arrowhead came from Shallow Water 

 To^vn on Little Lost River. This suggests that such beads would have 

 been encountered in Old Town middens, caches, and house pits, if the 

 latter site had been inhabited at the same time as the small settlement 

 on Little Lost River. Old Town was probably abandoned before these 

 beads became available to the Yakutat people. 



Cook type beads were among the trade goods carried by the Rus- 

 sians, although they were disseminated to the Chugach before the 

 Russians themselves came to Prince William Sound. They were prob- 

 ably of Chinese manufacture, and it is tempting to siu-mise that the 

 first to reach Alaska may have been the 20 strings of Chinese beads, 

 left by Bering's expedition in 1741 in a Chugach house on Kayak 

 Island in Controller Bay (de Laguna, 1947, pp. 242 f.; 1956, pp. 60 

 ff.). In any case, we may hazard that Cook type beads, without other 



