38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



the Woodland communities the individual houses were very loosely 

 grouped, a trait which was retained up to the coming of the white 

 man. We have found no positive evidence that palisades were ever 

 built around any of their settlements; neither were there any well- 

 defined streets or ceremonial areas, as illustrated by DeBry and Jolm 

 White in their drawings. Archeological evidence thus far has failed 

 to corroborate a number of traits indicated by these two men. 



At no time during the entire life span of the area were projectile 

 points numerous, a fact which would indicate that these people en- 

 joyed a peaceful commmiity life, with no fear of aggression, and 

 warfare was either personal or of limited duration. The lack of 

 projectile points also signified that the great stresses which were so 

 much in evidence just before and after the coming of the white man 

 were not felt by these peoples. 



Burials were made wherever a convenient place was selected, and 

 areas were not set aside as cemeteries. Burial forms, reflecting a 

 phase in their socioreligious beliefs, were modified as these concepts 

 were developed from a simple direct approach to a more complex 

 ritualism. At no time during the aboriginal occupancy were burials 

 accompanied by specially constructed mounds or tombs or were arti- 

 facts made especially to be placed with the dead. Personal decora- 

 tions and ornaments were few and consisted primarily of paint and 

 shell beads, with bone, copper, and stone featured rarely. Totemism 

 is indicated in the placement of the totemic animal alongside the dead 

 within a common grave. 



The sequence of cultures as found in the John H. Kerr Eeservoir 

 area is as follows: 



Neo-Indian. 

 Transitional . 



Paleo-American ? to 7000 B.C. 



Early Archaic 7000 to 4000 B.C. 



'Middle Archaic 4000 to 2000 B.C. 



[Late Archaic 2000 to 1000 B.C. 



lEarly Woodland... 1000 B.C. to A.D. 500 



Middle Woodland.. A.D. 500 to 1100 



Late Woodland A.D. 1100 to ca. IGOO 



EARLY 3 MAN IN VIRGINIA 



A number of Early Man (Paleo-American) artifacts have been re- 

 covered from the John H. Kerr Reservoir area, so a brief review of 

 what is known about him is given. Such information as could be 

 gathered from related sources is included to furnish the background 

 material for this study. 



• The term "early" Is used here to denote his relation to modern Indian rather than a 

 similar biological factor In the Old World. Early Man of the New World was not "Paleo- 

 Indian" In that he was not the progenitor of the historic Indian, as the connotation would 

 Imply, but was a distinct form of man whose disappearance cannot be accounted for at 

 the present time. Henceforth, reference to him will be termed "Paleo-American" In the 

 present report. (See Krieger, 1954, p. 15.) 



