46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



between Wisconsin I and Wisconsin II and again during the interstadial which 

 separates the latter from the third or Maukato substage. He believes it possible 

 that certain groups, the Sandia people, the ancestors of the Minnesota girl, and 

 perhaps others, may have entered this continent during the last of these inter- 

 stadials. [Bryan quoted in Wormington, 1949, pp. 152-153.] 



Sandia material is not only "dead" but is outside of the range of radio- 

 carbon dating (Crane, 1955, pp. 689-690). 



No longer is the date for the Folsom (Lubbock, Tex.) date of around 

 10,000 years accepted as the date of man's earliest industries, for Rob- 

 erts (1951 a) has indicated: 



It is interesting to note that the sandals from the Oregon cave (Fort Rock 

 Cave, 9,053 plus or minus 350 av. ) , the material from Gypsum Cave ( 10,455 plus 

 or minus 340 av.), the Nebraska site (Lime Creek, 9,524 plus or minus 450 av.), 

 and some of the sites in South America (Palli Aike Cave, Chile, 8,639 plus or 

 minus 450) approximates the the same antiquity and that they not only demon- 

 strate the occupation of the New World about 10,000 years ago but show that 

 several cultural patterns were already well established at this time. 



From this we can infer that the South American date represents a 

 much earlier migration than those represented in the finds of Gypsum 

 Cave or the Lime Creek and Fort Rock Cave remains. This would 

 imply that a much longer time must be assumed for his initial immi- 

 gration and that in reality the men of South America (Palli Aike 

 Cave) must be older in actual time relations than the northern indus- 

 tries indicated above. In other words, it has taken man a longer 

 time, much longer tlian most people realize, for him to travel from the 

 vicinity of the Arctic to the Antarctic regions and to develop certain 

 cultural traits and ideologies as he went along. 



Other carbon 14 dates which have been released cover a like time 

 span. These are : 



Sandia 19,000 to 24,000 



Clovis 12,000 to 13,000 



Danger Cave 11,453 plus or minus 600 



Russell Cave 9,000 plus or minus 250 



Cochise 8,000 



Plainview 7,700 



Eden 7,000 



Bat Cave 5,000 to 7,500 



At best, archeological evidence of paleo-aboriginal remains are very 

 scanty, depending largely upon lithic remains such as choppers, pro- 

 jectile points, and scrapers. Our earliest dated projectile types, 

 secured from the Lewisville site in Texas, which have been dated as 

 older than 37,000 years, do not represent the earliest of projectile 

 forms. Tips of bone and wood must have preceded the lithic forms 

 and to a certain extent governed the concept of attaching a tip to a 

 shaft uniting the two into a common item. Therefore, many of the 

 New World forms are as old or older than those dated in the Old 

 World. 



