48 BUREAU OF AlVIERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 182 



After his willful creation of fire, man was able not only to move out 

 into the open but to occupy caves as shelters, to keep warm, and to 

 cook his food. Once a fire was started within a cave shelter it was 

 probably kept alive over long periods of time. In the event of any 

 animal becommg bold enough to invade this shelter it could easily 

 be driven away by casting flaming bits of wood at it. Man at this 

 phase was no longer dependent solely upon the sunlight, for now he 

 was able to regulate his waking hours by giving himself a longer 

 period over which he could stay awake. He could gather around his 

 fires after dark to work and chat with his fellow kind, thus lengthening 

 the time of conscious control. This is one task he has put fire to, an- 

 other was to fire-harden the tips of various wooden implements such as 

 spears, needles, etc., thus makmg fire his working partner. 



De Mortillet (1881, pi. 11, 63) illustrated a triangular point which 

 MacGowan (1950, p. 69) designated as "Man's First Spear Points." 

 A comparable point (pi. 14) was found at site 44Mc75. It was made 

 from a thin flake of chert, wliich required very little effort to convert 

 into the projectile tip. No percussion flaking is present and only the 

 edges have been chipped with the slightest attempt to reduce the size 

 of the bulb of percussion by pressure flaking. The point in question 

 measures 44 mm. in overall length, 24 mm. in greatest width, and in the 

 vicinity of the bulb of percussion it measures 6 mm. in thickness, 

 while the rest of the point is only 3 mm. thick (fig. 2) . 



The stubborn resistance to the concept that early man never existed 

 in the New World was dealt its death blow in 1926 when a number of 

 qualified archeologists verified the existence of manmade artifacts in 

 direct association with the remains of extinct fauna at the Folsom site 

 in Union County, N. Mex. Heretofore, no American archeologist 

 would dare to report such finds without suffering at the hands of cer- 

 tain individuals who dominated the field. This was by no means the 

 first such find reported. Early in the 19th century, Koch (1839 a, 

 1839 b, 1857) directed attention by demonstrating the contemporaneity 

 of man with mastodon in Missouri. Dickeson (1846), Drake (1845), 

 Nott and Gliddon (1860), Usher (1854) , and a host of others reported 

 on finds of mamnade artifacts in direct association with extinct fauna. 

 A most notable find was reported by Abbott (1872-1889) from the 

 Delaware Valley near Trenton, N.J. 



Hrdlicka's domination of the scientific thought that Early Man 

 could not possibly exist in the New World was despotic. He judged 

 that man and his culture in the New World must follow similar evolu- 

 tionary trends as exhibited in the Old World. Words of his own are 

 as follows : 



On being subjected to thorough critical scrutiny, however, the antiquity of the 

 majority of the finds on which the structure of man's antiquity in America was 

 or is to be reared vanish as evidence, and the residue is supported by testimony 



